Notes

Impacts of Sediment Compound Grain Dimensions as well as Mercury Speciation on Mercury Bioavailability Potential.
Emotional congruence with children is central in understanding why some adults pursue sexual contact with children. Although self-report scales have been developed to assess for emotional congruence with children, these scales have equivocal latent structure and less than desirable performance in validation research. Further, these scales were not developed to assess emotional congruence with children in individuals who commit Internet-facilitated offenses. In the current study, a sample of men with histories of Internet-facilitated sexual offenses, contact sexual offenses against children, and nonsexual offenses was used to examine factor structure, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and known-group validity of the newly developed Cognitive and Emotional Congruence with Children (C-ECWC) scale. The scale had a three-factor latent structure, adequate internal consistency and adequately captured the nomological network of correlates and group differences anticipated for a measure of emotional congruence with children. Implications for scale validation and use in future research into emotional congruence with children are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Mutually responsive orientation (MRO) reflects a system of reciprocity between members of a dyad (Kochanska, 2002), and MRO observed in parent-child relationships is a robust predictor of child development (Kim, Boldt, & Kochanska, 2015; Kim & Kochanska, 2012; Kochanska, Aksan, & Joy, 2007; Kochanska, Forman, Aksan, & Dunbar, 2005). The goal of the present study was to adapt an observational coding system previously validated in parent-child dyads to assess MRO in intimate relationships and test the reliability and validity of scores from this adapted coding system. One hundred and fifty-nine couples were observed engaging in a series of standardized, naturalistic, interactive contexts. A team of trained behavioral coders rated MRO across several paradigms. Participants also completed semistructured interviews and self-report questionnaires assessing numerous dimensions of intimate relationship quality to assess convergent and divergent validity and individual and relationship health outcomes to assess criterion and incremental validity. Interrater reliability estimates established that multiple coders could reliably rate MRO across multiple contexts. As anticipated, MRO had small to moderate correlations with other relationship processes (e.g., conflict management, support), demonstrating that MRO is a unique but related dimension of intimate relationship quality. MRO scores were also associated with numerous outcomes including global relationship satisfaction, relationship security, partner mental health, and parent-infant bonding, even when controlling for neuroticism. The assessment of MRO in intimate relationships holds promise for tapping into a unique dimension of intimate relationship quality with implications for explaining a range of outcomes of interest to couples researchers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Physiological regulation is so fundamental to survival that natural selection has greatly favored the evolution of robust regulatory systems that use both reactive and preemptive responses to mitigate the disruptive impact of biological and environmental challenges on physiological function. In good health, robust regulatory systems provide little insight into the typically hidden complex array of sensor-effector interactions that accomplish successful regulation. Numerous health disorders have been traced to defective regulatory mechanisms, and generations of scientists have worked to discover ways to correct these defects and restore normal physiological function. Despite progress, numerous chronic health disorders remain resistant to treatment, and indeed for some disorders the incidence is increasing. We propose that an individual's susceptibility to acquire certain persistent dysregulatory disorders can be traced to interindividual variation in how that individual's regulatory system responds to challenges. Preexisting reliable individual differences among regulatory systems are typically unrecognized until appropriate regulatory challenges (e.g., exposure to a drug of abuse) lead to dysregulation (e.g., drug addiction). Specific characteristics of an individual's regulatory responsiveness may include etiological factors that participate in the acquisition, escalation and maintenance of health disorders characterized by dysregulation. By appropriately challenging a healthy individual's regulatory systems to identify its underlying characteristics, it is possible to ascertain whether an individual has an elevated risk for acquiring a dysregulated health condition and thereby enable strategies designed to prevent, rather than treat, the condition. This model is applied to drug addiction, and in addition we relate this approach to other dysregulated conditions such as obesity. Pidnarulex (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Patient safety research has adapted concepts and methods from the workplace safety literature (safety climate, incident reporting) to explain why patients experience unintentional harm during clinical treatment in hospital (adverse events). Consequently, patient safety has primarily been studied through data generated by health care staff. However, because adverse events relate to patient injuries, it is suggested that patients and their families may also have valuable insights for investigating patient safety in hospitals. We conceptualized this idea by proposing that patients are stakeholders in hospital safety who, through their experiences of treatments and independence from institutional culture, can provide valid and supplementary data on unsafe clinical care. In 59 United Kingdom hospitals we investigated whether patient evaluations of care (N = 23,287 surveys) and the safety information contained in health care complaints (N = 2,017, containing 2.5 million words) explained variance in excess patient deaths (hospital mortality) beyond staff evaluations of care (N = 49,302 surveys) and incident reports (N = 242,859). The severity of reports on unsafe clinical behaviors (error and neglect) communicated in patient' health care complaints explained additional variance in hospital-level mortality rates beyond that of staff-generated data. The results indicate that patients provide valid and supplementary data on unsafe care in hospitals. Generalized to other organizational domains, the findings suggest that nonemployee stakeholders should be included in assessments of safety performance if they experience or observe unsafe behaviors. Theoretically, it is necessary to further examine how concepts such as safety climate can incorporate the observations and outcomes of stakeholders in safety. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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