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Enhanced Vasoconstriction Mediated through α1-Adrenergic Mechanisms within Little Femoral Blood vessels throughout Infant Llama along with Sheep Gestated at High and low Altitudes.
For all 4 analyzed exercises, high-intensity sets elicited higher heart rate, applied force, and perceptual scores compared with the medium- and low-intensity sets. Furthermore, the medium-intensity sets produced higher perceptual, physiologic, and performance responses than the low-intensity sets. Intersession reliability was 0.88 for heart rate, 0.94 and 0.95 for applied force, 0.88 for the RPE-AM, and 0.80 for the RPE-OB. Conclusion The RISE scale can be considered a valid method for assessing the perceived exertion during resistance exercises performed with elastic bands in the elderly. © Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.The objective of this study was to investigate the association between objectively measured patterns of sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) and frailty status in Japanese community-dwelling older adults. Data was from 65-75 years older adults from the baseline of Itoshima Frail Study were used. Frailty was assessed using a Japanese version of the FRAIL scale. SB and PA were measured using an accelerometer. Multinomial logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to investigate the associations of SB and PA patterns with frailty status. Of the total 819 older adults, half were female (51.8%). The prevalence of robust, pre-frailty and frailty was 60.2%, 27.8%, and 12.0%, respectively. SB variables including total sedentary time, sedentary time in bouts of ≥ 10 min and ≥ 30 min, and mean sedentary bout duration were not associated with frailty status. Except LPA and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in bouts of less then 10 min, PA variables including total MVPA time, MVPA in bouts of ≥ 10 min (bouted MVPA), and steps were significantly associated with lower prevalence of frailty. Area under the curves (AUCs) of total MVPA time, bouted MVPA, and steps were 0.64 (P less then 0.001), 0.67 (P less then 0.001), and 0.66 (P less then 0.001), respectively. The optimal cut-off value of total MVPA time, bouted MVPA, and steps to discriminate between frailty and non-frailty were 43.25 min/day, 9.13 min/day, and 3841 steps/day, respectively. Higher levels of total MVPA time, bouted MVPA, and daily steps were negatively associated with frailty. Lower amounts of bouted MVPA (70 min/week) or steps (4000 steps/day) may be achievable initial targets in older adults for frailty management. © Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.Hardy personality plays a key role in sport due to the positive outcomes that has shown in sport performance. Consequently, it is salient to know which parental educational style is more related to positive characteristics of personality such as hardiness. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the differences in perceived parental education styles in adult athletes with high and low levels of hardy personality. The sample consisted of 502 athletes from Spain (153 were women and 349 were men) between 18 and 64 years old (M = 27.76; SD = 9.11). A series of self-report questionnaires were fulfilled an ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire, the "Multifactor Self-Assessment Test of Child Adjustment", the "Marathon-Hardy Personality Scale" and the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency Response. Firstly, sample was grouped in two groups. Secondly, the results of independent sample t-test showed higher levels of father protectionism and mother restriction in the low challenge scores group. Also, men educated that perceived to be educated by authoritarian parents reported lower commitment. Results also showed higher levels of care education close to mother protectionism, father restriction and mother restriction in the low hardy personality group. It was concluded that there are other variables that influence more on hardy personality in athletes apart from parents. Although challenge, hardy personality and commitment in men reported an influence by parental educational styles. © Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.Referees in sports games have a high level of responsibility as they have to make correct and appropriate decisions at any point during a match. Regarding referees' decision-making (RDM) as a perceptual-cognitive process, evidence suggests that physical load might reduce cognitive performance and thus might reduce RDM performance as well. In consideration of increasing game dynamics, referees have to cope with high physical load, but they have to make correct and appropriate decisions further on. Here, we review the current state of research on the relationship between physical load and RDM. A scoping review was performed, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, using the following databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (all databases), SURF and SPONET (both with an English and German search). Only primary studies written in English or German that investigated the relationship between physical load and RDM in sports games were included. Eleven studies included in the review investigated six physical parameters and RDM match period, velocity, blood lactate, running time, heart rate, distance covered. Most findings of the studies showed no relationship between physical load and RDM (n = 18). Thirteen findings suggest a negative relationship and three findings indicate a positive relationship between physical load and RDM. Results of the scoping review show contradictory evidence across and within investigated different physical parameters. As RDM consists of multi-factorial components, it is recommended to conduct systematic research programs - field as well as experimental studies - to resolve the missing control of potential confounding variables and to consider the difference of internal and external load. © Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.The aims of the research were to (1) determine the values of kinematic parameters in two modifications of the topspin forehand stroke as well as the differences between them and (2) assess the inter-individual and intra-individual variability of the values. Two modifications of a topspin forehand were evaluated topspin after a topspin ball (TF1) and topspin after a backspin ball (TF2). The MyoMotion Noraxon analysis system was used to record the kinematic data. A piezo-electric sensor was used to identify the moment when the ball made contact with the racket. The coefficient of variation determined the variability of the kinematic parameters. Most of the joint angles in four identified events reflected how the individual segments of a player's body should move. selleck chemicals llc The difference in acceleration at the moment of contact between the two types of the topspin forehand was significant, but the variability of the acceleration values was small. Large variability in the angular parameters was found, and this result was considered a manifestation of different coordination patterns in the stroke movements.
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