Notes

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5 exposure and other volume indices including forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC ratio were observed. The adverse effects of individual PM2.5 exposure on pulmonary expiration flow indices including peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMF) and forced expiratory flow at 50%, and 75% of vital capacity (FEF50% and FEF75%) were observed to be strongest at 2 moving average hours and could last for 24 h. Stratified analysis showed greater and longer effects among participants who were aged over 40 years, males, or smokers. These findings suggested that individual PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with altered lung function, especially with pulmonary expiration flow indices decline, which was strongest at 2 moving average hours and could last for 24 h.Growing environmental pressure urges China to develop in a sustainable and low carbon way, and thus China strives to achieve a carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. As the main energy and heavy industry based in China, carbon emissions in Heilongjiang Provice play a crucial role in achieving China's climate change targets. Compared with countries with similar populations, Heilongjiang Province (HLJP)'s carbon emissions are still at a low level. In the research on Heilongjiang Province's carbon emissions among three industries, we apply Tapio decoupling and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method to analyze the decoupling elasticity and effort index of three industries' growth and carbon emissions in HLJP from 2005 to 2017. Moreover, Deng's grey relation model is adopted to judge the relation degree between industries and carbon emissions. The results show that (1) with respect to decoupling, the secondary industry is in a relatively stable state of decoupling; however, the decoupling state of the primary industry is not stable at all, which appears expansive or negative in the studies over the past years. (2) The carbon emissions of three industries show an upward trend during the study period, of which the economic scale effect contributes most, while the energy intensity was the main inhibitor to carbon emissions. (3) Three industrial-economic structures are related to carbon emissions at a high level. The tertiary industry ranks the first, which is followed by the secondary industry and then the primary industry. The economic growth of the tertiary industry is much faster than the other two, hence, its relation degree is the highest. Overall, our analysis can provide an effective reference for the decline of carbon emissions in each industry.A continuous fixed-bed column study was used to evaluate phosphate adsorption performance of U-D-Na which was functionalized by the cheap NaCl reagent after simple ultrasonic purification of diatomite. selleck chemical In this work, various effect factors, including flow rate, initial phosphate concentration, and the bed height, on breakthrough performance of fixed column were investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that the breakthrough time declined with the increase of inlet phosphate concentration and feed rate, whereas the increase of bed height turned out to significantly extend the breakthrough time. The dynamic adsorption process could be well fitted by the Thomas model, with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.9000 under main operating conditions. A thrice loop of effective regeneration was achieved with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid eluent and deionized water. The maximum removal rate for phosphate was more than 95% in the column adsorption process. The results proved that U-D-Na could be used as a better alternative phosphate adsorbent for wastewater in a continuous column sorption process.This study aims to re-examine the impacts of monetary and fiscal policy on environmental quality in ASEAN countries from 1990 to 2019. We utilized the panel and time series NARDL approach to explore the long-run and short-run estimates at a regional level and country level. ASEAN regional-wise analysis shows that contractionary monetary policy reduces the CO2 emissions, while expansionary monetary policy enhances CO2 emissions in the long run. The long-run coefficient further confirms that expansionary fiscal policy mitigates CO2 emissions in ASEAN. The impact of expansionary monetary and fiscal policy on CO2 emissions is positive and significant, while contractionary monetary and fiscal policy have an insignificant impact on CO2 emissions in the short run. ASEAN country-wise analysis also reported the country-specific estimates for the short and long run. Some policies can redesign in light of these novel findings in ASEAN economies.The "environment" has become one of the important and debatable topics of the world and policymakers identifying the new predictors of CO2 emissions. Therefore, some economies have been promoting fiscal decentralization to encourage environmental quality by granting more financial autonomy to provincial and sub-national governments. Therefore, this study evaluates the dynamic effect of fiscal decentralization on CO2 in selected nine Asian economies using a fresh dynamic panel ARDL model from 1984 to 2017. The empirical findings show that fiscal decentralization has asymmetric effects on CO2 emissions because a positive change in revenue and expenditure decentralization reduced CO2 emissions in Asia. Moreover, a negative change in expenditure decentralization has also enhanced CO2 emissions in the long run. Thus, clean environmental policies and recommendations can be revised and proposed based on nonlinear findings in the modern era.To comprehensively investigate the effects of exposure to legal doses of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fishes were exposed to diets supplemented with different doses of SMZ (NS, normal feed; LS, 20 mg/kg·day; MS, 200 mg/kg·day; and HS, 1000 mg/kg·day) for 4 weeks and then fed with normal feed for 4 weeks. General SMZ accumulation, growth performance, intestinal short-chain fatty acids, intestinal flora diversity, composition, and function were systemically evaluated. Results indicated that the SMZ accumulation in O. niloticus muscles, intestinal contents, and aquaculture environment positively correlated to the exposure dose. The growth performance, measured by weight increase, was MS>LS>NS, while HS antibiotics retarded the growth. SMZ-exposed O. niloticus had an increased number of fat particles in the liver and a change in the content of intestinal SCFAs. Moreover, SMZ exposure changed the biological diversity of the intestinal flora and subsequently induced microbiota dysbiosis, primarily inhibiting the growth of Fusobacteria, especially in HS group.
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