Notes

10 Things Everybody Has To Say About Evolution Korea
Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than we had hoped for.

The country is in search of an alternative development model. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. However, there are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.

Origins

During prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with art styles, a written language, and papermaking.

Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or construct fortifications.

At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by everyone, even their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.

talks about it of Korea

The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are also common throughout the country.

In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a short period of time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territorial holdings. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea enters the post-crisis period the development paradigm of the country appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.


Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of the country's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights the most important elements that are the driving force behind these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this segment. A 2009 survey revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a majority of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was focused on the education of students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders, and scientists.

The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inauguration event was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also received wide attention.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it reported on its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.

One example of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in creationism that they raised the money and support to put up an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branch offices that offer seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups.

Evolution in South Korea

In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.

Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.

The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.

However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.

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