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Maximal share of NM species was found in the mires and may be explained by over logged and unfertile soils of these habitats. Arbuscular mycorrhizas dominated across all vegetation types except for mires, where specific ecological conditions result in the prevalence of ECM and NM species. We analyzed the mycorrhizal status and type of plant communities along the main ecological gradients and found a decisive role of elevation and soil nitrogen content. At the same time, it remains unclear which factor determines the distribution of ECM and AM communities which are most represented in the vegetation of the study area.Purpose LMA® ProSeal™ (pLMA) has been used as an alternative to tracheal tubes. read more It is unclear how many cases are required to achieve proficiency in performing pLMA insertion among novice residents. Therefore, we analyzed the learning curve of pLMA insertion using a cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart and assessed the effects of learning. Methods In this single-center, prospective, observational study, we included 15 novice residents. Staff anesthesiologists recorded success or failure; insertion time; and incidences of bleeding or reflex including cough, hiccups, and limb movement. A successful pLMA insertion was defined as effective ventilation within two attempts with an insertion time of ≤ 120 s. Regarding CUSUM, we set acceptable and unacceptable failure rates as 20% and 40%, respectively. Further, α and β errors were designated as 0.1. We stratified the number of cases encountered by each resident into four groups of 10 cases each (1-10, 11-20, 21-30, and ≥ 31 cases) and evaluated the effects of learning. Results Each resident encountered 44 ± 5 (mean ± SD) cases of pLMA insertion, and 14/15 achieved proficiency in performing pLMA insertion after 20 ± 8 cases. Success rate (76%, 86%, 91%, and 93%; P less then 0.001) and insertion time (45 s, 35 s, 31 s, and 26 s; P less then 0.001) significantly improved with increased experience; however, incidences of bleeding (16%, 10%, 8%, and 10%; P = 0.124) and reflex (5%, 3%, 3%, and 3%; P = 0.54) remained unchanged. Conclusion Experience with 20 ± 8 cases is needed to achieve proficiency in performing pLMA insertion for novice residents in a tertiary teaching hospital.Purpose This study sought to investigate the electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle during concentric-eccentric exercise using a new concept leg press machine enabling a preset overloading in the eccentric phase. Methods Ten young males familiar with resistive exercise were recruited for this study. Tests were performed on a Leg-press Biostrength® (Technogym S.p.A., Italy). The load was set to 70% and 80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The participants performed 2 sets of 6 repetitions at each relative load with (ECC +) and without (ISOW) an eccentric overload equivalent to 150% of the concentric load. A metronome was employed to maintain the selected cadence. Sets were separated by a 5-min rest. Surface electromyography (EMG) of VL was recorded and integrated (iEMG). Results Results showed a higher iEMG in ECC + with respect to ISOW at both intensities (+ 29% for 70% 1-RM, p less then 0.01 and + 31% for 80% 1-RM, p less then 0.001). No statistically significant differences were detected between concentric and eccentric phase in both ECC + conditions. Conclusions Training with a 150% eccentric overload provides a ~ 30% greater motor unit recruitment of the VL muscle in leg press exercise. Moreover, the results show that the eccentric overloading provided by the Biostrength® machine enables training at the same level of neural activation of the concentric phase. Hence, the derecruitment of motor units, normally observed during the eccentric phase when using conventional training machines, was overcome using the Biostrength® machine; this observation seems particularly important for maximizing neuromuscular responses to strength training.Purpose The effect of Actovegin® was investigated on PMA- and LPS-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods PBMCs (1 × 106 cells/ml) from five blood donors (2 f, 3 m; 45-55 years) were grown in medium and exposed to Actovegin® in the presence or absence of PMA or LPS. Supernatants were collected to assess the concentration of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by a ROS-GloTM H2O2 assay. Results Stimulation of cells by PMA or LPS (without Actovegin®) significantly increased the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α from PBMCs, compared to controls. Pre-treatment of cells with Actovegin® (1, 5, 25, 125 µg/ml) plus PMA significantly decreased the secretion of IL-1beta from PBMCs, compared to controls (PMA without Actovegin®). In contrast, addition of Actovegin® (1, 5, 25, 125 and 250 µg/ml) plus LPS did not alter the IL-1beta production, compared to controls (LPS without Actovegin®). TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 do not contribute to the reduction of inflammatory reactions with Actovegin®. Conclusions Actovegin® can reduce the PMA-induced IL-1beta release and the ROS production from PBMCs. These findings may help to explain the clinically known positive effects of Actovegin® on athletic injuries with inflammatory responses (e.g., muscle injuries, tendinopathies).The burrower bug Scaptocoris castanea is an important soybean and pasture pest in Brazil, with an underground habit feeding directly on the sap of the roots. Underground habit hinders control and knowledge of the biology and physiology of this pest. This study describes the anatomy, histology, ultrastructure and symbionts of the midgut of S. castanea. The midgut of S. castanea is anatomically divided into five regions (ventricles). Ventricles 1-3 are similar between males and females, with cells specialized in digestion and absorption of nutrients, water transport and homeostasis. Ventricle 4 has squamous epithelium forming crypts and harboring bacteria in the lumen. Ventricle 5 of males is small with cells containing apical microvilli and broad basal folds with many openings for hemocoel, while in females, this region of the midgut is well developed and colonized by intracellular bacteria, characterizing bacteriocytes. The main bacteria are Gammaproteobacteria. The results show sexual dimorphism in ventricle 5 of the midgut of S.
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