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Are Free Evolution The Same As Everyone Says?
What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes that organisms go through can lead them to evolve over time. This includes the creation of new species as well as the transformation of the appearance of existing ones.

Many examples have been given of this, such as different kinds of stickleback fish that can live in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to specific host plants. These reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all living creatures that live on our planet for ages. Charles Darwin's natural selectivity is the best-established explanation. This is because individuals who are better-adapted are able to reproduce faster and longer than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to his or her offspring, which includes both dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all the factors are in balance. If, for instance the dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and last longer than the recessive allele, then the dominant allele is more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. This process is self-reinforcing which means that the organism with an adaptive trait will live and reproduce more quickly than those with a maladaptive feature. The more offspring an organism produces the better its fitness that is determined by its ability to reproduce and survive. Individuals with favorable characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes, or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to be able to survive and create offspring, so they will make up the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which claims that animals acquire characteristics through use or disuse. For 에볼루션 코리아 , if a Giraffe's neck grows longer due to stretching to reach for prey, its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The length difference between generations will continue until the neck of the giraffe becomes too long that it can not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift


Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of one gene are distributed randomly within a population. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become common enough that it can no longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles will drop in frequency. This can lead to dominance in extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small population this could result in the complete elimination of recessive alleles. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect and is typical of the evolution process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a group.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are condensed in a limited area. The survivors will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele which means that they will all have the same phenotype, and consequently have the same fitness traits. This situation might be the result of a war, an earthquake, or even a plague. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct population that is left might be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of different fitness levels. They cite the famous example of twins who are both genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other is able to reproduce.

This kind of drift could play a very important part in the evolution of an organism. However, it is not the only method to develop. Natural selection is the most common alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain phenotypic diversity within a population.

Stephens argues that there is a major difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or a cause and considering other causes of evolution like mutation, selection and migration as causes or causes. He argues that a causal-process account of drift allows us distinguish it from other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has a direction: that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity, and that it also has a size, which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

In high school, students study biology, they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is often referred to as "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms through the inheritance of traits that are a result of an organism's natural activities, use and disuse. Lamarckism can be illustrated by an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher leaves in the trees. This could result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, which then get taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on 17 May 1802, he introduced an original idea that fundamentally challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate materials through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as having given the subject its first general and comprehensive treatment.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism grew into an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and that the two theories fought it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the creation of what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that acquired characteristics can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, such as natural selection.

While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance through acquired characters, and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea but it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of genomics, there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle for survival. In reality, this notion is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The fight for survival can be more effectively described as a struggle to survive within a particular environment, which can include not just other organisms, but as well the physical environment.

Understanding adaptation is important to comprehend evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavior such as a tendency to move into shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold.

The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its environment and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environment, is crucial to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to create offspring, and must be able to access enough food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing in a way that is optimally within its environment.

These factors, along with gene flow and mutation, lead to an alteration in the percentage of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the gene pool of a population. As time passes, this shift in allele frequency can lead to the emergence of new traits and ultimately new species.

Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to protect themselves and long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. To comprehend adaptation, it is important to differentiate between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical characteristics. Behavior adaptations aren't, such as the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or move into the shade during hot temperatures. It is also important to note that insufficient planning does not result in an adaptation. Inability to think about the consequences of a decision even if it seems to be logical, can make it inflexible.

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