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Analysis ethics: the safeguard for sophisticated technology.
It is well known that the neuromodulator adenosine, acting through the adenosine A1 receptor subtype, can limit or stop seizures. In 2008, adenosine was proposed as a key component of the anticonvulsant mechanism of the ketogenic diet (KD), a very low carbohydrate diet that can be highly effective in drug-refractory epilepsy. In this study, we review the accumulated data on the intersection among adenosine, ketosis, and anticonvulsant/antiepileptogenic effects. In several rodent models of epilepsy and seizures, antiseizure effects of ketogenic treatments (the KD itself, exogenous ketone bodies, medium-chain triglycerides or fatty acids) are reversed by administration of an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. In addition, KD treatment elevates extracellular adenosine and tissue adenosine content in brain. Efforts to maintain or mimic a ketogenic milieu in brain slices reveal a state of reduced excitability produced by pre- and postsynaptic adenosine A1 receptor-based effects. Long-lasting seizure reduction may be due to adenosine-based epigenetic effects. In conclusion, there is accumulating evidence for an adenosinergic anticonvulsant action in the ketogenic state. In some cases, the main trigger is mildly but consistently lowered glucose in the brain. More research is needed to investigate the importance of adenosine in the antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects of these treatments. Future research may begin to investigate alternative adenosine-promoting strategies to enhance the KD or to find use as treatments themselves.John Deutch is an emeritus Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he has been a member of the faculty since 1970. He has served as Chairman of the Department of Chemistry, Dean of Science, and Provost. In the Carter Administration, he served as Director of Energy Research (1977-1979), Acting Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology (1979), and Undersecretary (1979-1980) in the U.S. Department of Energy. He has been a member of the President's Nuclear Safety Oversight Committee (1980- 1981), the White House Science Council (1985-1989), the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (1997-2001), and the Secretary of the Energy Advisory Board (2008-2016). John Deutch has published widely on technical and policy aspects of energy and the environment and has been a member of the board of directors or of the technical advisory committees of several energy companies.This paper presents a detailed review of the applications of augmented reality (AR) in three important fields where AR use is currently increasing. The objective of this study is to highlight how AR improves and enhances the user experience in entertainment, medicine, and retail. The authors briefly introduce the topic of AR and discuss its differences from virtual reality. They also explain the software and hardware technologies required for implementing an AR system and the different types of displays required for enhancing the user experience. The growth of AR in markets is also briefly discussed. In the three sections of the paper, the applications of AR are discussed. The use of AR in multiplayer gaming, computer games, broadcasting, and multimedia videos, as an aspect of entertainment and gaming is highlighted. AR in medicine involves the use of AR in medical healing, medical training, medical teaching, surgery, and post-medical treatment. AR in retail was discussed in terms of its uses in advertisement, marketing, fashion retail, and online shopping. The authors concluded the paper by detailing the future use of AR and its advantages and disadvantages in the current scenario.Since the beginning oft he Covid-19 pandemic we have observed an increased incidence of transient global amnesia, possibly related to emotional stress as a trigger factor.Here, we discussed a 22-year-old pregnant woman (gestational age 32 weeks) infected with COVID-19 who presented with fever (39.1 °C) and respiratory symptoms. Thoracic computed tomography could not be obtained due to pregnancy. PCR testing was positive. The patient was treated with supportive care and anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agents; however, general health status deteriorated and patient was admitted to intensive care unit on day 3. After admission to COVID-19 ICU, clinical picture was rapidly worsened with development of respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thus, "extracorporeal cytokine hemoadsorption" (CytoSorb®, Cytosorbents Corporation, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was planned and performed with regular intervals in order to remove inflammatory cytokines from circulation and to relieve systemic inflammatory response. The fever response and CRP elevation were controlled by hemoadsorption and cytokine filter performed in alternate days. On day 7 of ICU admission, it was decided to terminate pregnancy due to worsening hypoxemia and a healthy, premature infant was born. On day 2 after cesarean section, the patient was intubated and mechanical ventilation support was initiated. However, the patient showed an increasingly complicated clinical course and died on day 22 after ICU admission. It is seen that COVID-19 positivity carries an important risk for both mother and fetus, particularly in those at advanced stages of gestation, by physiological changes in the mother during pregnancy. We believe that, in the treatment of COVID-19 and its complications during pregnancy, cytokine filter treatment can give time to patient for hemodynamic and metabolic stabilization.During SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several subjects were treated in our intensive care unit (ICU) because of acute respiratory failure following COVID-19 pneumonia. Most of them required mechanical ventilation and someone in prone position (PP) too, because of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). During PP, trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) is not always easy, mainly due to the forced position of the neck of the patient. Moreover, during a pandemic, given the great number of patients needing treatment, TEE probes and monitoring devices are not widely available. Then, trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) plays a crucial role as it is non-invasive, repeatable, and available every time it is needed. Moreover, it can be safely performed also in prone position (TTEp). According to in-hospital protocol, TTEp was performed using the apical-four-chamber (A-4-C) view in 8 patients. MK-8245 We temporarily deflated the lower thoracic section of the air-mattress to place the probe between the mattress surface and the thorax of the patient.
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