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Objectives Bone destruction and renal impairment are two frequent complications of multiple myeloma (MM). Cystatin C, an extracellular cysteine proteinase inhibitor, is encoded by the housekeeping gene CST3 and associated with human tumors. The role of cystatin C in multiple myeloma has been revealed recently. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of cystatin C as a proteasome inhibitor in multiple myeloma. Dihydromyricetin chemical structure Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted through Pubmed to summarize the published evidence on cystatin C in multiple myeloma. English literature sources since 1999 were searched, using the terms cystatin C, multiple myeloma. Results cystatin C is a sensitive indicator for the diagnosis of myeloma nephropathy and has a dual role in myeloma bone disease. Also, cystatin C reflects tumor burden and is strongly associated with prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma. Conclusion Cystatin C have great diagnostic and prognostic value in multiple myeloma. It can provide a new treatment direction for MM by designing and searching for antagonists of cystatin C or cysteine protease agonists using cystatin C as a therapeutic target.Background Monitoring Sustainable Development Goal indicators (SDGs) and their targets plays an important role in understanding and advocating for improved health outcomes for all countries. We present the United Nations (UN) Inter-agency groups' efforts to support countries to report on SDG health indicators, project progress towards 2030 targets and build country accountability for action. Objective We highlight common principles and practices of each Inter-agency group and the progress made towards SDG 3 targets using seven health indicators as examples. The indicators used provide examples of best practice for modelling estimates and projections using standard methods, transparent data collection and country consultations. Methods Practices common to the UN agencies include multi-UN agency participation, expert groups to advise on estimation methods, transparent publication of methods and data inputs, use of UN-derived population estimates, country consultations, and a common reporting platform to presente hard-earned gains of all countries.Objectives Forward head posture (FHP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders that appears to affect the shoulder joint through the shared muscles between the head and neck area and the shoulder girdle. The present study compared the acromiohumeral distance between individuals with normal head and neck alignment and those with moderate and severe FHP in active and passive arm elevation. Methods Based on the craniovertebral angle, 60 volunteers were selected and equally distributed among three groups, including group one with normal head and neck alignment, group two with moderate FHP and group three with severe FHP. The space between the humeral head and the acromion was measured in 10°, 45° and 60° of active and passive arm elevation as the acromiohumeral distance. Results The acromiohumeral distance was only different between the three groups at 45° arm elevation angle, and this difference was significant between groups one and three. In active and passive arm elevation, increased arm elevation angle reduced the subacromial space significantly. Also, in each arm elevation angle, the subacromial space differed significantly between the active and passive arm elevations. Conclusions The acromiohumeral distance was significantly lower in the severe FHP group than the group with normal head and neck alignment in the 45° active arm elevation angle, which could be due to the changed tension in tissues between active and passive arm elevation and also the maximum muscle activity in the 45° active arm elevation angle.The multiplication of social networking sites has led to increased frequency of use among young adults. While the association with mental wellbeing is still controversial, high levels of social media use were correlated with problematic behaviours, low self-esteem and depressive symptoms. 'Social Media Detoxification' (Detox) is the term used to describe voluntary attempts at reducing or stopping social media use to improve wellbeing. We conducted a pilot study to explore the characteristics of social media detoxification applied by 68 university students in their social media activity. Descriptive analysis revealed that most students reported a positive change in mood, reduced anxiety and improved sleep during and in the immediate aftermath of the detoxification period. These preliminary findings show that 'social media detoxification' is a phenomenon understood and used by university students to moderate their social media use. Wide variability in its application and effects is noted in our sample.This study aims to investigate the association between earlier sexual abuse and polysubstance abuse among persons in alcohol, drug and gambling addiction treatment in Greenland. The study included 431 individuals treated in 2017-2019. Data on exposure (sexual abuse), outcome (polysubstance abuse), and potential confounders (age, sex, school education, further education, labour market affiliation, physical abuse and emotional abuse) were extracted from The National Database on Substance Abuse Treatment. Polysubstance abuse was defined as both smoking cannabis more than once a week and having an AUDIT score >15. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). In total, 61% reported having been sexually abused. Women were more often sexually abused and had more often been physically and emotionally abused when compared to men. Polysubstance abuse (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.22; 3.48) and cannabis abuse (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.20; 2.98), but not alcohol abuse, were more frequent in sexually abused when compared to non-victims of sexual abuse. This study found polysubstance abuse to be more frequent in sexually abused treatment seekers. It is recommended that the findings are taken into account in the planning of treatment services and in training of counsellors.Osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) is known as one of the sacroiliitis diseases and the symptoms or radiographic findings of OCI sometimes resembled those of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). Bone marrow edoema (BME) around sacroiliac (SI) joints on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the key findings in the classification criteria of axial SpA, but BME on MRI was also found in patients with OCI. The usage of SI joint MRI is increasing due to the need of accurate or early diagnosis of axial SpA in accordance with development of new biological treatments. Here was the case of a 38-year-old female patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) complicated with OCI, which was a mimic of AS or nr-axSpA. She had a persistent low back pain with BME around SI joints on MRI. She could meet the ASAS criteria of axial SpA and might be diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) related axial SpA. OCI is not a rare disease as a differential diagnosis for axial SpA especially in young women.
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