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This study demonstrates the potential of the polarized light-scattering technique to characterize the physiological states of suspended marine microalgae.This feature issue of Applied Optics is dedicated to the fourteenth Topical Meeting on Optical Interference Coatings held 2-7 June 2019, in Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico, USA. The conference, taking place every three years, is a focal point for global technical interchange in the field of optical interference coatings and provides premier opportunities for people working in the field to present their new advances in research and development. Papers presented at the meeting covered a broad range of topics ranging from fundamental research on coating design theory, new materials, and deposition and characterization technologies, to the vast and growing number of applications in electronic displays, communication, optical instruments, consumer electronics, high power and ultra-fast lasers, solar cells, space missions, gravitational wave detection, and many others.There is increasing interest in the design of films with thicknesses on the order of 10 nm and less for a variety of applications, such as nanoparticles, plasmonics, quantum dots, solar reflectors, black mirrors, etc. The indices of refraction (n and k) for the effective media of such coatings depend on the materials with which such "layers" interface and the specific process parameters used to produce those films. The structures may typically be nucleating island structures and may also be continuous films. A key factor is that the n and k values vary in thickness until some thickness is obtained, usually >20nm. Heretofore, to the best of our knowledge, films have not taken into account thickness index variations during the design process. Software has now been developed where the index at a given thickness is computed at each iteration of the design optimization process. This allows more realistic design results utilizing the full representation of the behavior of the layers in question; the resulting coatings, when produced, are in better agreement with the designs. Including n and k versus wavelength and thickness in the design process is here referred to as double dispersion.The average bit error rate (ABER) performance of a low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded multi-hop parallel underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system is investigated with the combined effects of absorption, scattering, the misalignment characterized by the beam spread function, and the ocean turbulence-induced fading modeled by log-normal distribution. With the max-min criterion as the best path selection scheme, the cumulative distribution function for identically and independently distributed and non-identically and independently distributed links are derived, respectively. Then, the analytical ABER expressions of binary phase shift keying and multiple phase shift keying subcarrier intensity modulation schemes are deduced with the help of the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature rule, and they are also confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, LDPC codes are applied in the simulation to improve the system performance. The results show that the combined degrading effects are mainly limited by the link length, especially under the coastal ocean condition. And the multi-hop parallel transmission demonstrates good ABER performance and can expand the communication range in ocean. Furthermore, LDPC codes can significantly improve the ABER performance of the UWOC system, and the coding gain is strongly affected by channel conditions and the corresponding parameters of LDPC codes. selleck products This work is beneficial for the UWOC system design.We present here a general method for evaluating the steady-state frequency-tracking distortion in the digital Pound-Drever-Hall technique with modulation harmonic distortion. The theoretical tracking distortion model is established based on the multi-beam interference theory. The effects of the additional harmonic phase shift and the relative distortion ratio changes in the model are simulated by the Runge-Kutta method. Moreover, we demonstrate the steady-state frequency-tracking distortion caused by the modulation harmonic distortion in a resonant frequency tracking system with a 35 mm Si3N4 waveguide ring resonator. According to the measured and simulated results, we obtain the optimal modulation frequency and depth with minimal frequency-tracking distortion, which are 11.49 MHz and 3.96, respectively.The skylight polarization pattern, which is a result of the scattering of unpolarized sunlight by particles in the atmosphere, can be used by many insects for navigation. Inspired by insects, several polarization navigation sensors have been designed and combined with various heading determination methods in recent years. However, up until now, few of these studies have fully considered the influences of different meteorological conditions, which play key roles in navigation accuracy, especially in cloudy weather. Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to the study on bio-inspired heading determination by designing a skylight compass method to suppress cloud disturbances. The proposed method transforms the heading determination problem into a binary classification problem by segmentation, connected component detection, and inversion. Considering the influences of noise and meteorological conditions, the binary classification problem is solved by the soft-margin support vector machine. In addition, to verify this method, a pixelated polarization compass platform is constructed that can take polarization images at four different orientations simultaneously in real time. Finally, field experimental results show that the designed method can more effectively suppress the interference of clouds compared with other methods.This paper presents the results of application of the laser speckle correlation (LSC) technique for studying the combustion process of aluminum-based nanopowders. For assessing the results, a combined experimental scheme is proposed with simultaneous application of LSC analyses and another feasible method of nanopowder combustion study, i.e., laser monitoring. In this paper, we present the principle of using the LSC technique to characterize the surface changes of nanopowder during combustion. Calculating the correlation coefficient of image sequencing, it is possible to estimate the time parameters of combustion of aluminum nanopowder and an aluminum mixture with iron nanopowder. Comparing the results obtained with the LSC method and laser monitoring, we conclude that LSC is quite acceptable for investigating the combustion process of metal nanopowders. In contrast with laser monitoring, the LSC method allows us to determine the preheating period preceding the first combustion wave. In practice, the LSC method application for nanopowder combustion control is prospective because of the simple hardware implementation.
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