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In-depth understanding of the catalytic active sites is of paramount importance for the design of efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion. Here we highlight the structural evolution of SnO2 nanosheets for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. The transformation of SnO2 into metallic Sn would occur on the surface of catalyst during the catalytic process, followed by enhanced selectivity and activity for the conversion of CO2 to HCOOH. Electrocatalytic characterization and structural analysis demonstrate that the metallic Sn derived from structural evolution plays a dominant role in the CO2 reduction to HCOOH. This work deepens the understanding of the catalytic mechanism and provides a new pathway for the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The recombinant N-terminal domain of BC2L-C lectin (rBC2LCN) is useful for detecting not only human pluripotent stem cells but also some cancers. However, the cancer types and stages that can be detected by rBC2LCN remain unclear. In this study, we identified the human breast carcinoma subtypes and stages that can be detected by rBC2LCN. Compared with rBC2LCN-negative breast carcinoma cell lines, the rBC2LCN-positive cells expressed higher levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epithelial marker genes. Artenimol inhibitor Importantly, rBC2LCN histochemical staining of human breast carcinoma tissues demonstrated the utility of rBC2LCN in detecting breast carcinoma types that express HER2 and have not spread much in the early phase of growth. We conclude that rBC2LCN may have potential as a detection probe and a drug delivery vehicle to identify and treat early-stage HER2-positive breast carcinoma. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the 2-year clinical performance of three drug-eluting stents in all-comer patients with severely calcified coronary lesions. BACKGROUND Severe lesion calcification increases cardiovascular event risk after coronary stenting, but there is a lack of data on the clinical outcome of all-comers with severely calcified lesions who were treated with more recently introduced drug-eluting stents. METHODS The BIO-RESORT trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01674803) randomly assigned 3,514 all-comer patients to biodegradable polymer Synergy everolimus-eluting stents (EES) or Orsiro sirolimus-eluting stents (SES), versus durable polymer Resolute Integrity zotarolimus-eluting stents (ZES). In a post hoc analysis, we assessed 783 patients (22.3%) with at least one severely calcified target lesion. RESULTS At 2-year follow-up (available in 99% of patients), the main composite endpoint target vessel failure occurred in 19/252 (7.6%) of the EES and in 33/265 (12.6%) of the ZES-treated patients (p = .07). Target vessel failure occurred in 24/266 (9.1%) of the SES-treated patients (vs. ZES p = 0.21). There was a difference in target vessel revascularization, which was required in EES in 6/252 (2.4%) patients and in ZES in 20/265 (7.7%) patients (p = .01); the target vessel revascularization rate in SES was 9/266 (3.4%, vs. ZES p = .04). Multivariate analysis showed that implantation of EES, but not SES, was independently associated with lower target vessel revascularization rates than in ZES. CONCLUSIONS In BIO-RESORT participants with severely calcified target lesions, treatment with EES was associated with a lower 2-year target vessel revascularization rate than treatment with ZES. © 2020 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.OBJECTIVE In systemic sclerosis (SSc) a persistent tissue repair process leads to progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which characteristically initiate and regulate tissue repair, has not been fully evaluated. We sought to investigate whether dividing metakaryotic MSCs are present in SSc skin, and test whether exposure to the disease microenvironment activates MSCs leading to transdifferentation. METHODS Skin biopsy material from recent onset diffuse SSc patients was examined by collagenase spread of 1mm thick surface-parallel sections, in order to identify metakarytoic dividing stem cells in each tissue plane. Adipose-derived MSCs from healthy controls were treated with dermal blister fluid from diffuse SSc patients, and profiled by next generation sequencing, or evaluated for phenotypic changes relevant to SSc. Differential responses of dermal fibroblasts were studied in parallel. RESULTS MSC-like cells undergoing active metakaryotic division were identified in SSc but not control sections, most prominent in the deep dermis and adjacent to damaged microvessels, in both involved and clinically uninvolved skin. Furthermore, exposure to SSc blister fluid caused selective MSC activation, inducing a myofibroblast signature, whilst reducing signatures of vascular repair and adipogenesis and enhancing migration and contractility. Microenvironment factors implicated in inducing transdifferentiation include the pro-fibrotic growth factor TGFβ, presence of lactate and mechanosensing, whereas the microenvironment Th2 cytokine IL-31, enhanced osteogenic commitment (calcinosis). CONCLUSION Dividing MSC-like cells are present in the SSc disease microenvironment where multiple factors, likely acting in concert, promote transdifferentiation, leading to a complex and resistant disease state. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Odor adaptation allows the olfactory system to regulate sensitivity to different stimulus intensities, which is essential for preventing saturation of the cell-transducing machinery and maintaining high sensitivity to persistent and repetitive odor stimuli. Although many studies have investigated the structure and mechanisms of the mammalian olfactory system that responds to chemical sensation, few studies have considered differences in neuronal activation that depend on the manner in which the olfactory system is exposed to odorants, or examined activity patterns of olfactory-related regions in the brain under different odor exposure conditions. To address these questions, we designed three different odor exposure conditions that mimicked diverse odor environments and analyzed c-Fos-expressing cells (c-Fos+ cells) in the odor columns of the olfactory bulb (OB). We then measured differences in the proportions of c-Fos-expressing cell types depending on the odor exposure condition. Surprisingly, under the specific odor condition in which the olfactory system was repeatedly exposed to the odorant for 1 min at 5-min intervals, one of the lateral odor columns and the ipsilateral hemisphere of the olfactory tubercle had more c-Fos+ cells than the other three odor columns and the contralateral hemisphere of the olfactory tubercle.
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