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Psychosocial Modification and Emotional Hardship Linked to In-Game Purchases Between Western Jr . Kids.
These models also produced accurate annoyance predictions. BSEL was the best single-metric predictor, with ESEL close behind. Including Heaviness, Duration, and rate of change of Loudness resulted in R2 values as high as 0.90.This article presents a polyphonic pitch tracking system that is able to extract both framewise and note-based estimates from audio. The system uses several artificial neural networks trained individually in a deep layered learning setup. First, cascading networks are applied to a spectrogram for framewise fundamental frequency (f0) estimation. A sparse receptive field is learned by the first network and then used as a filter kernel for parameter sharing throughout the system. The f0 activations are connected across time to extract pitch contours. These contours define a framework within which subsequent networks perform onset and offset detection, operating across both time and smaller pitch fluctuations at the same time. As input, the networks use, e.g., variations of latent representations from the f0 estimation network. Finally, erroneous tentative notes are removed one by one in an iterative procedure that allows a network to classify notes within a correct context. The system was evaluated on four public test sets MAPS, Bach10, TRIOS, and the MIREX Woodwind quintet and achieved state-of-the-art results for all four datasets. It performs well across all subtasks f0, pitched onset, and pitched offset tracking.Allophonic patterns of variation in English laterals have been well studied in phonetics and phonology for decades, but establishing broad generalizations across varieties has proven challenging. In this study, a typology of onset/coda lateral distinctions in English is advanced using crowdsourced recordings from 95 speakers across twelve dialects of Anglo (UK) English. Results confirm the existence of dialects with and without onset/coda distinctions, and conditional inference trees are used to identify three main patterns in the data (1) clear onsets and dark codas; (2) intermediate/dark onsets and dark codas, but with a positional distinction intact; and (3) dark onsets and dark codas, with minimal or no distinctions between positions.Biosonar echo delay resolution was investigated in four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using a "jittered" echo paradigm, where dolphins discriminated between electronic echoes with fixed delay and those whose delay alternated (jittered) on successive presentations. The dolphins performed an echo-change detection task and produced a conditioned acoustic response when detecting a change from non-jittering echoes to jittering echoes. Jitter delay values ranged from 0 to 20 μs. A passive listening task was also conducted, where dolphins listened to simulated echoes and produced a conditioned acoustic response when signals changed from non-jittering to jittering. Results of the biosonar task showed a mean jitter delay threshold of 1.3 μs and secondary peaks in error functions suggestive of the click autocorrelation function. When echoes were jittered in polarity and delay, error functions shifted by approximately 5 μs and all dolphins discriminated echoes that jittered only in polarity. Results were qualitatively similar to those from big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and indicate that the dolphin biosonar range estimator is sensitive to echo phase information. Results of the passive listening task suggested that the dolphins could not passively detect changes in timing and polarity of simulated echoes.A conventional structural Luneburg lens is a symmetric circular gradient-index lens with refractive indices decreasing from the centre along the radial direction. In this paper, a flattened structural Luneburg lens (FSLL) based on structural thickness variations is designed by using the quasi-conformal transformation technique. Through numerical simulations and experimental studies, the FSLL is demonstrated to have excellent beam steering performance for the manipulation of flexural wave propagation at desired angles.Intelligible speech can be generated by passing a signal through a time-frequency mask that selects which information to retain, even when the signal is speech-shaped noise, suggesting an important role for the mask pattern itself. The current study examined the relationship between the signal and the mask by varying the availability of target speech cues in the signal while holding the mask constant. Keyword identification rates in everyday sentences varied from near-ceiling to near-floor levels as the signal was varied, indicating that the interaction between the signal and mask, rather than the mask alone, determines intelligibility.Unlike the audio sound generated by traditional sources, the directivity of that generated by a parametric array loudspeaker (pal) deteriorates significantly after passing through a thin partition. To study this phenomenon, the pal radiation model based on the Westervelt equation, and the plane wave expansion method are used to calculate the sound fields behind a sheet of aluminum foil and a porous material blanket under the quasi-linear assumption, where the paraxial approximation is assumed only for ultrasonic waves. The audio sounds generated by a point monopole and a traditional directional source are presented for comparison. Both simulation and experiment results show that the transmitted sound from a pal behind the thin partition is small and less focused on the radiation axis because most of the ultrasounds forming the directivity of the pal is blocked by the thin partition which has little effect on the traditional audio sources.Micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorbers with circular perforations are used in many noise control applications due to their attractive wide-brand sound absorption performance. Different from a common MPP with circular perforations, a unique type of MPP absorber with petal-shaped perforations is proposed. PD173212 Calcium Channel inhibitor The sound absorption theory for the MPP with petal-shaped perforations is developed by accurately considering the fluid velocity in the petal-shaped perforation hole. This theory can account for the effect of altered perforation morphology (from circular to petal) on sound absorption. Finite element simulations are performed to validate the proposed theory, with good agreement achieved. The sound absorption of MPP with petal-shaped perforations is compared with that of the traditional MPP with the same porosity. It is demonstrated that the change in hole shape significantly modifies the fluid velocity field and the flow resistivity in/of the hole, and hence the sound absorption of the proposed MPP with petal-shaped perforations can outperform that of the traditional MPP in the considered case.
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