Notes

Distance Ligation-Assisted ChIP-Seq (PLAC-Seq).
The identity of the widely distributed mangrove and riverine sesarmid crab Sesarmops impressus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) is clarified. The species has been reported from Madagascar to the South Pacific, but its taxonomy was previously confused. On the basis of morphological characters and available molecular evidence (using 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I), Sesarmops impressus is restricted to the western Indian Ocean and S. frontale A. Milne-Edwards, 1869 is confirmed to be its junior synonym. Sesarmops similis (Hess, 1865), long synonymised under S. impressus, is here recognised as a separate species and a neotype from Samoa is designated. The identity of the poorly known S. atrorubens (Hess, 1865), which has often been confused with S. impressus, is also clarified, and a neotype is selected from Fiji. Specimens from the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific are here identified as two new species, S. indicus sp. nov. and S. imperator sp. nov.A new species of fiddler crab, Austruca citrus n. sp. from Fiji, Wallis & Futuna, and Samoa, in the South Pacific is described based on morphological and molecular evidence. This species is closely related to Austruca perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852), but can be distinguished by a suite of characters, including adult size, carapace morphology, shape and coloration of the major chela, the ratio of major pollex length as a function of carapace width, and male first gonopod form. The molecular evidence of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) supports these morphological differences.As the key pest of apple fruits, the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes malicola Borchsenius (Hem. Diaspididae), overwinters as diapausing eggs under the protective, waxy cover of females. In this research, the effects of diapause development, cold acclimation, and rapid cold hardening were studied on the cold hardiness of the eggs. The changes in some physiological components were also investigated. The results indicated cold exposure to be a prerequisite for the survival of the diapausing eggs of L. malicola. No eggs hatched without exposure to cold. In addition, a direct relationship was observed among cold hardiness, cold acclimation, and diapause of the eggs based on the results. The highest level of hatching (the highest cold hardiness) of the eggs (80%) occurred in the cold-acclimated eggs at the end of diapause (March). Rapid cold hardening also influenced the cold hardiness of the eggs with diapause development. At the end of diapause, the lowest (61%) and the highest (77%) rates of egg survival were observed when the eggs were exposed to 5 and -10°C for 24 h, respectively. Cold hardiness of the diapausing eggs of L. malicola was also accompanied by some physiological changes, i.e., a decrease in glycogen content and an increase in simple sugar, lipid, and protein contents. The lowest glycogen content (about 50 μg/g) and the highest amounts of total simple sugars (454 μg/g) of lipids (542 μg/g) and proteins (84 μg/g) were observed in the cold-acclimated eggs at the end of diapause.Two new species of a new genus, Tortomon puer n. gen. n. sp. and T. gejiu n. gen. n. sp. are described from southern Yunnan, southwestern China, based on the morphology and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. The new genus resembles Tenuipotamon Dai, 1990 and Parvuspotamon Dai & Bo, 1994, but can be separated by characters of the male thoracic sternum, male pleon, male first gonopod, and especially the coiled tip of the male second gonopod. The latter character easily separates Tortomon n. gen. from known potamid genera. Notes on the general biology of the two new species are also included.In this paper we describe two new tardigrade species, one representing the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex and the other from the Paramacrobiotus richtersi complex. The descriptions are based on a detailed morphological examination under light and scanning electron microscopy and analysis of four genetic markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-2 and COI). Macrobiotus crustulus sp. nov. from French Guiana is the most similar to Macrobiotus martini Bartels, Pilato, Lisi and Nelson, 2009, Macrobiotus santoroi Pilato and D'Urso, 1976, but differs from them mainly by having the lissostomus type of the oral cavity armature (teeth not visible under light microscopy) and well-developed, convex terminal discs of egg processes covered with evident granulation. Paramacrobiotus filipi sp. nov. from the Malaysian part of Borneo is the most similar to Paramacrobiotus alekseevi (Tumanov, 2005), but differs from it primarily by the presence of body granulation visible under light microscopy as well as sculptured and porous areoles around egg processes.Fire ants have long been known to be a major pest and have recently attracted renewed widespread attention due to the invasion of Solenopsis species, especially S. invicta, into many countries in Asia and Australia. Here, we surveyed fire ant specimens in Thailand with the aims of studying their colony biology and population structure. We sampled 38 colonies distributed in agricultural and urban areas throughout Thailand for species identification and found that all were S. geminata. We further genotyped 13 microsatellite loci from 576 workers from 23 of these colonies. Analysis of these genetic data revealed that all colonies were polygynous with only a few queens. Queens from the same colonies were highly genetically related. Population structure was partitioned into two clusters. Pairwise FST values revealed very high genetic differentiation between colonies suggesting low gene flow among populations. This result suggests that queens were locally mated and founded colonies by a budding strategy. Isolation-by-distance among local populations was not significant.The snail-eating turtle, Malayemys macrocephala, is a common freshwater turtle that can be used as an animal model for developmental biology. Proteasome inhibitor However, a thorough investigation of its development is needed before this species can be used as a model. Thus, this study aimed to examine the gonadal development of M. macrocephala. Turtle eggs were collected from rice fields in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand, and transported to the laboratory. Eggs were incubated in microprocessor-controlled incubators and randomly dissected on a weekly basis to reveal the developing embryos, then their developmental stage was identified according to Yntema (1968). Primordial germ cells and gonad structure were processed through the paraffin method. Moreover, the dynamics of germ cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. Examination of the gonad revealed four main stages of gonadal development (i) germ cell migration, (ii) genital ridge appearance, (iii) testicular formation, and (iv) ovarian formation.
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