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axone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic susceptibility in these important respiratory tract pathogens varied in Pakistan based on different breakpoints. These data are important for empirical therapy choices in the treatment of CA-RTIs. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2015-17 from Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica. METHODS MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. RESULTS A total of 170 S. pneumoniae and 218 H. influenzae isolates were collected at five centres in Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica in 2015-17. Small S. pneumoniae isolate numbers from Costa Rica (n = 2) meant that these could only be included in the penicillin susceptibility analysis; they were excluded from further country analyses. Around one-third of pneumococcal isolates from Argentina and two-thirds from Chile were non-susceptible to penicillin by CLSI oral or EUCAST low-dose IV breakpoints, but most (≥89%) were susceptible by CLSI IV or EUCAST high-dose breakpoints. Amongst pneumococci from USIONS Antibiotic susceptibility of H. influenzae isolates was generally high in the Latin American countries studied; however, susceptibility profiles varied for S. pneumoniae by country and depending on the breakpoints used, especially for cefaclor. These factors are important in decision making for empirical therapy of bacterial infections. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2015-17 from Kuwait, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. METHODS MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. RESULTS A total of 139 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from four centres in Kuwait, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia in 2015-17 and 55 H. influenzae isolates were collected and analysed from Saudi Arabia over the same time period. Pneumococci from all three countries were commonly non-susceptible to penicillin based on CLSI oral or low-dose IV penicillin using EUCAST breakpoints (39% in Kuwait to 57.1% in Lebanon) but by CLSI IV and EUCAST high-dose breakpoints most isolates were susceptible (∼90% in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and 100% in Lebanon). Isolates from Lebanon were highly susceptible to most osceptible to most antibiotics. These factors are important in decision making for empirical therapy of CA-RTIs. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] Pneumonia COVID-19 has became a pandemic. However, information on early risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity is unavailable yet. METHODS In this prospective study, a cohort of 137 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Clinical information and laboratory data were retrieved from electronic medical records. Viral positivity duration was calculated by an interval from the day SARS-CoV-2 positive confirmed to the day SARS-CoV-2 returned to negative in these 137 COVID-19 patients. Early risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity were evaluated. FINDINGS The median SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity duration is 12 days (range 4 days ~ 45 days) for this cohort. Cox regression results showed a significantly shorter viral positivity duration was related to younger [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.658, p = 0.017], not severe patient (HR = 0.653, p = 0.076), higher count of lymphocytes (HR = 1.464, p = 0.033), eosinophils (HR = 1.514, p = 0.020) and CD8+ T cells (HR=1.745, p=0.033), and lower IL-6 (HR = 0.664, p = 0.036) and IL-10 (HR = 0.631, p = 0.021). Multivariate analysis with covariables adjusted results showed that the count of CD8+ T cells (HR=2.376, p=0.114) was a predominant risk factor for the SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity duration. INTERPRETATION Our findings firstly provided early laboratory parameters such as count of CD8+ T cells, as risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity, which have significance in control and prevention of the disease. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. Merbarone chemical structure For permissions, e-mail [email protected] profiled the serological responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N) protein and spike (S) glycoprotein. The majority of the patients developed robust antibody responses between 17 and 23 days after illness onset. Delayed, but stronger antibody responses were observed in critical patients. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail [email protected] driving vancomycin surgical prophylaxis are poorly understood. In a national VA cohort with manually validated data, surgical specialty (cardiac, orthopedics) and perception of high facility MRSA prevalence-not MRSA colonization-- were the primary drivers of prescribing. Beta-lactam allergy was the second-most common reason. These data may inform peri-operative stewardship. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.
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