Notes

10 Things We All Do Not Like About Evolution Korea
Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than might be expected.


The country is in search of a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge.

Origins

During prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and also made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking block printing art styles, as well as written language to Japan.

Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the majority of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to fight in the army or work on government projects such as building fortifications.

Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest region of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and had to be obeyed and respected by all people, even their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.

Evolution in Korea

The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are also common throughout the country.

In 바카라 에볼루션 of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.

As Korea enters the post-crisis era the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the huge cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job loss.

The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a majority of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.

In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea focused primarily on the education of students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders, and scientists.

The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and received wide attention.

KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.

A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised money and got funding to build an enlightened museum on campus.

In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.

Changes in South Korea

In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. During this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.

The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new model of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining strategies that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.

The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.

The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to rise. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.

However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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