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The function of long-term mentoring inside option daycare settings.
This paper utilises logistic regression to identify ecological determinants of non-compliant food outlets in England and Wales. We consider socio-demographic, urbanness and business type features to better define vulnerable populations based on the characteristics of the area within which they live. We find a clear gradient of association between deprivation and non-compliance, with outlets in the most deprived areas 25% less likely (OR = 0.75) to meet hygiene standards than those in the least deprived areas. Similarly, we find outlets located in conurbation areas have a lower probability of compliance (OR = 0.678) than establishments located in rural and affluent areas. Therefore, individuals living in these neighbourhoods can be considered more situationally vulnerable than those living in rural and non-deprived areas. Whilst comparing compliance across business types, we find that takeaways and sandwich shops (OR = 0.504) and convenience retailers (OR = 0.905) are significantly less likely to meet hygiene standards compared to restaurants. This is particularly problematic for populations who may be unable to shop outside their immediate locality. Where traditional food safety interventions have failed to consider the prospect of increased risk based on proximity to unsafe and unhygienic food outlets, we re-assess the meaning of vulnerability by considering the type of neighbourhoods within which non-compliant establishments are located. In-lieu of accurate foodborne illness data, we recommend prioritised inspections for outlets in urban and deprived areas. Particularly takeaways, sandwich shops and small convenience retailers. Using data from the United States Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2003-2012; N = 3,397,124 adults), we estimated associations between prevalent diabetes and four county-level exposures (fast food restaurant density, convenience store density, unemployment, active commuting). All associations confirmed our a priori hypotheses in conventional multilevel analyses that pooled across years. Apoptosis inhibitor In contrast, using a random-effects within-between model, we found weak, ambiguous evidence that within-county changes in exposures were associated with within-county change in odds of diabetes. Decomposition revealed that the pooled associations were largely driven by time-invariant, between-county factors that may be more susceptible to confounding versus within-county associations. Studies of parks and physical activity rarely identify the actual spaces participants use. Using data from the HABITAT project, a longitudinal cohort of mid-to older-aged (40-70 years) respondents (n = 11,036) living in Brisbane Australia, this study examined (1) the demographic characteristics of users and non-users of parks; (2) the park used and the characteristics and features of the most popular reported spaces; and (3) the level of physical activity undertaken in the reported parks and whether users had higher total physical activity levels than non-users. Park use was significantly higher (p less then 0.01) among dog walkers, couples (over 40) living with children, and those living in least disadvantaged areas. Regular park use was significantly higher among users of larger-sized neighbourhood and district-catchment parks. Park users were 35% more likely to meet the physical activity guidelines (OR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.21-1.50, p less then 0.001) compared with those who indicated they did nto regularly use a park. The size of the park used was positively associated with participation in physical activity. Users of larger-sized parks spent more time doing vigorous activity and engaged in more activity sessions than non-users. Future data obtained from large populations, including spatial examination of the actual parks used and their characteristics, are essential to facilitate planning for park provision, optimising the use of these spaces for recreation and physical activity by mid-to older-aged adults, and creating healthy communities. BACKGROUND The STarT Back Screening Tool (SBT) distributes low back pain (LBP) patients into three prognostic groups for stratified care. This approach has demonstrated beneficial clinical and cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVES To translate and validate the SBT by investigating its psychometric properties among Israelis with acute and sub-acute LBP, and to evaluate its ability to predict disability after three months. DESIGN Prospective study. METHOD The SBT was transcultural adapted into Hebrew using published guidelines. A total of 150 patients receiving physical therapy for acute or subacute LBP were administered the SBT. Clinical outcomes included the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and a numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), collected by an independent interviewer by phone at the start of the physical therapy treatment and after three months. RESULTS The test-retest reliability of the SBT total score and psychosocial subscale were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.89 and 0.82). Spearman's correlation coefficient between SBT total score and RMDQ was 0.82, HADS (Anxiety 0.66, Depression 0.76), FABQ (exercise 0.53), NPRS (severe pain 0.48, average pain 0.53). The SBT baseline score showed excellent predictive abilities in discriminating poor disability after three months (ROC curve = 0.825, P less then 0.001, 95% CI 0.756-0.894). CONCLUSION The Israeli translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SBT is a valid and reliable instrument. The SBT discriminated low, medium and high-risk groups, and predicts disability after three months. OBJECTIVE The Therapeutic Alliance (TA) is an emerging concept within physiotherapy practice, reflecting the ongoing paradigm shift from a biomedical- (BMM) towards a biopsychosocial model (BPSM) of care. Current conceptual understanding of the TA is commonly based on Bordin's (1979) definition, developed within a psychotherapy context. A concept analysis was conducted in order to provide conceptual clarity of the TA within physiotherapy literature. METHOD An evolutionary method of concept analysis was followed. An extensive literature search was conducted, and eligible articles were submitted to inductive, semantic thematic analysis. FINDINGS A total of 14 articles were included within this concept analysis. 5 master attribute themes, and 4 corresponding sub-themes were identified following thematic analysis. The master attribute themes were 'Seeing the person', 'Sharing the journey', 'Communication', 'Therapeutic space' and 'Fostering autonomy'. The 4 Sub-themes were 'Giving of self', 'Legitimising the experience', 'Physiotherapist characteristics matter' and 'Interpersonal collaboration'.
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