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Cardinium and Wolbachia are maternally inherited bacterial symbionts of arthropods that can manipulate host reproduction by increasing the fitness of infected females. Here, we report that Cardinium and Wolbachia coinfection induced male-killing and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) when they coexisted in a cryptic species of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Asia II7. Cardinium and Wolbachia symbionts were either singly or simultaneously localized in the bacteriocytes placed in the abdomen of B. tabaci nymphs and adults. Cardinium-Wolbachia coinfection induced male-killing and resulted in a higher female sex ratio in the intraspecific amphigenetic progeny of Asia II7 ICWH and ICWL lines; interestingly, male-killing induction was enhanced with increased Cardinium titer. Moreover, single infection of Wolbachia induced partial CI in the Asia II7 IW line and resulted in reduced fecundity, higher embryonic mortality, and lower female sex ratio. The uninfected Asia II7 IU line had significantly higher fecundity, lower embryonic and nymphal mortalities, and a lower level of CI than both the Wolbachia-infected Asia II7 IW line and the Cardinium-Wolbachia-coinfected Asia II7 ICWH line. Our findings indicate that Cardinium-Wolbachia coinfection induced male-killing, which may have had antagonistic effects on Wolbachia-induced CI in the Asia II7 whiteflies. For the first time, our study revealed that B. tabaci Asia II7 reproduction is co-manipulated by Cardinium and Wolbachia endosymbionts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Cytological analysis is part of the initial etiological evaluation of serous effusions. The newly proposed International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC) aims to standardize reporting. METHODS All pleural and peritoneal effusion samples admitted for cytological analysis at our institution between 2012 and 2016, and pericardial effusion samples admitted between 2008 and 2018, were reviewed and reclassified according to the ISRSFC. Risk of malignancy (ROM) and performance parameters were calculated. RESULTS 1496 pleural effusion samples were reclassified 12(0.8%) non-diagnostic (ND), 944(63.1%) negative for malignancy (NFM), 9(0.6%) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), 54(3.6%) suspicious of malignancy (SFM) and 477(31.9%) malignant (M). 64 pericardial effusion samples were reclassified 23(35.9%) NFM, 1(1.6%) AUS, 4(6.3%) SFM and 36(56.2%) M. 763 peritoneal effusion samples were reclassified 5(0.7%) ND, 457(59.9%) NFM, 12(1.6%) AUS, 37(4.8%) SFM and 252(33%) M. The ROM was, respectively, for each of the aforementioned categories, 57.1%, 23.9%, 50%, 76.2%, 100% in pleural effusions, 100%, 26.3%, 62.5%, 91.7%, 100% in peritoneal effusions and 0% for NFM, 0% for AUS and 100% for M in pericardial effusions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were, respectively, 61.6%, 100%, 100%, 73.3%, 81.3% for pleural, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% for pericardial and 61.2%, 100%, 100%, 70%, 79.7% for peritoneal effusion samples. CONCLUSION Serous effusion cytology has a high specificity and positive predictive value and a modest sensitivity and negative predictive value, supporting its role in confirming the diagnosis of malignancy. The ISRSFC will increase standardization and reproducibility in reporting, leading to improved clinical decision-making. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.OBJECTIVE To appraise the highest available evidence provided by randomised controlled trials (RCT) on the effectiveness of hip arthroscopy vs physical therapy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). METHODS Four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus) were systematically searched until 1st October 2019. Eligible studies were RCTs in which FAIS patients underwent hip arthroscopy or physical therapy. The study outcome was the International Hip Outcome Tool - 33 Items (iHOT-33) score, a measure of hip pain, function and quality of life, assessed at baseline and at the follow-up closer to 12 months after randomization. The pooled mean difference in iHOT-33 scores within and between the treatment arms was computed using a random effects model. Minimal clinical important difference in the iHOT-33 score was set at 10 points. RESULTS Three RCTs evaluating the iHOT-33 score between six and eight months after the interventions were included. Significant increases in iHOT-33 score were observed from baseline to follow-up for both hip arthroscopy (22.3 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 17.3 to 27.4) and physical therapy (13.0 points, 95% CI 9.5 to 16.4). Hip arthroscopy demonstrated significantly higher iHOT-33 score at follow-up compared with physical therapy (10.9 points, 95% CI 4.7 to 17.0). CONCLUSION Both hip arthroscopy and physical therapy resulted in statistically and clinically significant short-term improvements in hip pain, function and quality of life in FAIS patients. Hip arthroscopy was statistically superior to physical therapy in improving the outcome at follow-up, even if it may not be detected by patients. NVP-BEZ235 cell line This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Pancreatic islet insulin secretion is amplified by both metabolic and receptor-mediated signaling pathways. The incretin-mimetic and DPPIV inhibitor anti-diabetic drugs increase insulin secretion, but in humans this can be variable both in vitro and in vivo. We examined the correlation of GLP-1 induced insulin secretion from human islets with key donor characteristics, glucose-responsiveness, and the ability of glucose to augment exocytosis in β-cells. No clear correlation was observed between several donor or organ processing parameters and the ability of Exendin 4 to enhance insulin secretion. The ability of glucose to facilitate β-cell exocytosis was, however, significantly correlated with responses to Exendin 4. We therefore studied the effect of impaired glucose-dependent amplification of insulin exocytosis on responses to DPPIV inhibition (MK-0626) in vivo using pancreas and β-cell specific sentrin-specific protease-1 (SENP1) mice which exhibit impaired metabolic amplification of insulin exocytosis. Glucose tolerance was improved, and plasma insulin was increased, following either acute or 4 week treatment of wild-type (βSENP1+/+ ) mice with MK-0626.
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