Notes

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Overall, the thickening and stiffening osteochondral interface, due greatly to the enhanced endochondral ossification in deep zone cartilage, should be a central pathological process that links with cartilage decay and subchondral bone remodelling in OA joints. The residual chondrocytes locating in the cartilage superficial zone have the progenitor-like qualities that can proliferate, and also differentiate into the deep zone chondrocytes, thus should be critical in progression and rehabilitation of TMJ-OA.
To automate the grading of histological images of engineered cartilage tissues using deep learning.

Cartilaginous tissues were engineered from various cell sources. Safranin O and fast green stained histological images of the tissues were graded for chondrogenic quality according to the Modified Bern Score, which ranks images on a scale from zero to six according to the intensity of staining and cell morphology. The whole images were tiled, and the tiles were graded by two experts and grouped into four categories with the following grades 0, 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6. Deep learning was used to train models to classify images into these histological score groups. Finally, the tile grades per donor were averaged. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) were calculated between each user and the model.

Transfer learning using a pretrained DenseNet model was selected. The RMSEs of the model predictions and 95% confidence intervals were 0.49 (0.37, 0.61) and 0.78 (0.57, 0.99) for each user, which was in the same range as the inter-user RMSE of 0.71 (0.51, 0.93).

Using supervised deep learning, we could automate the scoring of histological images of engineered cartilage and achieve results with errors comparable to inter-user error. Thus, the model could enable the automation and standardization of assessments currently used for experimental studies as well as release criteria that ensure the quality of manufactured clinical grafts and compliance with regulatory requirements.
Using supervised deep learning, we could automate the scoring of histological images of engineered cartilage and achieve results with errors comparable to inter-user error. Thus, the model could enable the automation and standardization of assessments currently used for experimental studies as well as release criteria that ensure the quality of manufactured clinical grafts and compliance with regulatory requirements.
To investigate which cardiometabolic factors underlie clustering of osteoarthritis (OA) with cardiovascular disease, and the extent to which these mediate an effect of education.

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OA was performed in UK Biobank (60,800 cases and 328,251 controls) to obtain genetic association estimates for OA risk. Genetic instruments and association estimates for body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), smoking and education were obtained from existing GWAS summary data (sample sizes 188,577-866,834 individuals). Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to investigate the effects of exposure traits on OA risk. MR mediation analyses were undertaken to investigate whether the cardiometabolic traits mediate any effect of education on OA risk.

MR analyses identified protective effects of higher genetically predicted education (main MR analysis odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increase 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54-0.64) and LDL-C levels (OR 0.94, 95%CI 0.91-0.98) on OA risk, and unfavourable effects of higher genetically predicted BMI (OR 1.82, 95%CI 1.73-1.92) and smoking (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.85-2.68). There was no strong evidence of an effect of genetically predicted SBP on OA risk (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90-1.06). The proportion of the effect of genetically predicted education mediated through genetically predicted BMI and smoking was 35% (95%CI 13-57%).

These findings highlight education, obesity and smoking as common mechanisms underlying OA and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors represent clinical and public health targets for reducing multi-morbidity related to the burden these common conditions.
These findings highlight education, obesity and smoking as common mechanisms underlying OA and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors represent clinical and public health targets for reducing multi-morbidity related to the burden these common conditions.Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease and occasionally causes death in children. Its infectivity and pathogenesis, however, remain to be better understood. Three sulfonated azo dyes, including acid red 88 (Ar88), were identified to enhance the infectivity of EV-A71, especially isolates with VP1-98K, 145E (-KE), by mainly promoting viral genome release in vitro. Enzymatic removal of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or knockout of xylosyltransferase II (XT2) responsible for biosynthesis of sulfated GAGs weakened the Ar88 enhanced EV-A71 infection. Ar88 is proposed to prevent the -KE variants from being trapped by sulfated GAGs at acidic pH and to facilitate the viral interaction with uncoating factors for genome release in endosomes. The results suggest dual roles of sulfated GAGs as attachment factors and as decoys during host interaction of EV-A71 and caution that these artificial dyes in our environment can enhance viral infection.Serratia marcescens can be a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and an opportunistic human and plant pathogen. We have identified and characterized strains of related species of Serratia and evaluated their biological control of damping-off of tomato seeds caused by Pythium cryptoirregulare. Serratia ureilytica, S. bockelmannii and S. nevei were identified by phylogenetic analysis of partial gyrB gene sequence and average nucleotide identity (ANI). Tomato seeds inoculated with S. ureilytica ILBB 145 showed higher germination percentage and reduced damping-off in greenhouse experiment resembling a commercial operation, and volatiles produced by this strain caused the nearly complete inhibition in vitro of P. cryptoirregulare. see more Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed that ILBB 145 produced dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), which can partially account for this inhibition. Serratia bockelmannii ILBB 162 performance against damping-off was intermediate and the inhibition of P. cryptoirregulare in vitro was lower and explained by volatile and diffusible metabolites.
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