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Laboratory-scale column experiments were performed using the engineered soil media installed in the field-scale bioretention systems to isolate the effect of high salt loading on P release. Column experiments combined with field data indicate that prolonged high salt loads through winter and spring may have contributed to elevated spring P release, mostly in the form of soluble reactive P, from the field-scale bioretention systems. Findings from this study are needed to better understand the performance of bioretention systems with respect to P retention as required to improve urban stormwater management in cold climates. Results have implications for further investigations of the impact of road salt on P mobility in bioretention systems and more broadly in roadside soils and groundwater systems.The development of inexpensive and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the conversion of biomass including food and winery processing waste to value-added products is crucial in biorefinery. Glucose could be obtained via the hydrolysis of waste cellulose or starch-rich material, and the isomerization of glucose to fructose using either Lewis acid or Brønsted base catalysts is an important route in biorefinery. As a natural clay mineral, bentonite (Bt) is widely used as adsorption material and catalyst support, but how its intrinsic acid-base properties can impact the biomass conversion chemistry is still rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the influence of the textural and acid-base properties of Bt on the glucose isomerization reaction. The reaction kinetics and mechanism, and the effect of Al3+-exchange were explored. The results showed that the activation energy of Bt-catalyzed glucose conversion was 59.0 kJ mol-1, and the in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) characterization proved that Brønsted base was responsible for the isomerization. The highest fructose yield of 39.2% with 86.3% selectivity could be obtained at 110 °C for 60 min in water. Alkaline rinse and calcination can recover most of the catalytic activity of the spent catalyst.The compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in pharmaceutical wastewater effluent can affect the further improvement and application of the ozone treatment process. The present study investigated the changes of chemical structures, molecular weight (MW) distribution, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity distribution, fluorescence properties and the molecular composition of DOM in pharmaceutical wastewater effluent during ozonation. Besides, the toxicity change of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent during ozonation was estimated. The results show that ozone is prone to attack high MW fractions, which contributes the most to the UV254 value and could improve the biodegradability of refractory DOM in pharmaceutical wastewater effluent. Hydrophobic acid contained the most aromatic and unsaturated bonded organic matter, and was more readily oxidized under ozonation. In fluorescent components, ozonation significantly decreased humic-like acid compounds, and hydrophobic humic-like compounds exhibited the highest removal through parallel factor analysis. At the molecular level, the main organics removed by ozone were compounds with high H/C and low O/C, especially compounds where H/C >1.5. The CHO, CHON and CHOS compounds exhibited high removal under ozonation in formula classes. Lignin compounds, condensed aromatics compounds, and unsaturated hydrocarbons were effectively removed by ozone in compound classes. After ozonation, the number of lipid and sugar compounds increased. In addition, O/Cwa (the intensity-weighted average parameters of O/C) and NOSCwa (nominal oxidation state of carbon) were significantly positively correlated with acute toxicity on the luminescence. With the increase of ozone dose, the acute toxicity of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent after ozonation first decreased and then increased.Environmental problems resultant from organic pollutants are a major current challenge for modern societies. White rot fungi (WRF) are well known for their extensive organic compound degradation abilities. The unique oxidative and extracellular ligninolytic systems of WRF that exhibit low substrate specificity, enable them to display a considerable ability to transform or degrade different environmental contaminants. In recent decades, WRF and their ligninolytic enzymes have been widely applied in the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs), pesticides, synthetic dyes, and other environmental pollutants, wherein promising results have been achieved. This review focuses on advances in WRF-based bioremediation of organic pollutants over the last 10 years. We comprehensively document the application of WRF and their lignocellulolytic enzymes for removing organic pollutants. Moreover, potential problems and intriguing observations that are worthy of additional research attention are highlighted. Lastly, we discuss trends in WRF-remediation system development and avenues that should be considered to advance research in the field.As the global economy continues to grow, the need for an economic evaluation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is increasing. Determination of cost functions (CFs) helps to assess the costs of WWTP and to be able to reach to the satisfactory financial levels of construction and operation practices in the early phases of a project. In this study, unit capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs were calculated by analyzing the real capital and operation and maintenance expenditures of 16 full-scale WWTPs in Istanbul. Besides, the impacts of treatment level and capacity on costs were investigated. click here The unit total capital cost was found as 0.013 ± 0.004 €/m3 and 0.054 ± 0.009 €/m3 for preliminary and tertiary treatment, respectively, whereas the unit total O&M cost were 0.011 ± 0.007 €/m3 and 0.077 ± 0.021 €/m3 for preliminary and tertiary treatment, respectively. Capital (investment) costs covered 58% of the total cost in preliminary WWTPs, whereas; O&M costs had the highest share (58%) in tertiary WWTPs.
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