Notes

Identifying money great-grandson with the Lakota Sioux leader Tatanka Iyotake (Sitting Half truths).
To achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets related to child health and well-being, it is important to quantify inequalities in the essential child health interventions. We used the latest available Demographic and Health Surveys from 65 low-income and middle-income countries between 2005 and 2018. We examined economic-related inequalities in 15 essential child health interventions spanning across four domains nutrition, behavioral health, household environment, and maternal factors. In the pooled analysis, we observed significant inequalities in all child health interventions, except in the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for child diarrhea. The interventions with the largest adjusted difference between the richest (Q5) and the poorest (Q1) groups were in household environment domain improved sanitation at 55.6 percentage points [PPs] (95% confidence interval [CI] 54.7, 56.6), low indoor pollution at 43.5 PPs (95% CI 41.4, 45.9), and safe stool disposal at 39.8 PPs (95% CI 38.7, 41.0). In 35 countries, the adjusted difference between Q5 and Q1 groups in improved sanitation was found to be larger than 50 PPs. At the same time, country-specific analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in the extent of inequalities in child health interventions. An inverted-U shape curve was identified between the mean intervention coverage rate and the magnitude of inequalities for household environmental and maternal interventions. This suggests an initial exacerbation of inequality in child health interventions as the coverage increases until it reaches an inflection point at which inequality begins to decline even as the coverage continues to improve. Our findings call for more systematic monitoring of economic-related inequalities in child health interventions to develop equity-oriented policies and programmes in global health.
Prior research suggests the potential for political campaign advertisements to increase psychological distress among viewers. The current study tests relationships between estimated exposure to campaign advertising and the odds of respondents reporting that a doctor told them they have anxiety, depression, insomnia, or (as a negative control) cancer.

A secondary analysis of U.S. data on televised campaign ad airings from January 2015 to November 2016 (n=4,659,038 airings) and five waves of a mail survey on television viewing patterns and self-reported medical conditions from November 2015 to March 2017 (n=28,199 respondents from n=16,204 unique households in the U.S.).

A 1 percent increase in the estimated volume of campaign advertising exposure was associated with a 0.06 [95% CI 0.03-0.09] percentage point increase in the odds of a respondent being told by a doctor that they have anxiety in the past 12 months. We observed this association regardless of the political party of the ad sponsor, the politic exposure and a reported diagnosis of anxiety among American adults.This study investigates whether adult children's education has a protective effect on parental survival, using data from all waves (2010-2018) of the China Family Panel Studies. We exploited the exogenous temporal and geographical variations in the enforcement of the 1986 compulsory schooling laws in China to construct an instrumental variable (IV) for adult children's education. The IV estimates indicated that the law-induced higher education of adult children led to sizeable improvements in the likelihood of paternal survival, although it had no significant effect on maternal survival. IDN-6556 cost The protective effect on paternal survival was mainly driven by better-educated daughters, while sons' education had only a modest positive effect on maternal survival. Further evidence suggested that such heterogeneity by the gender of adult children might mainly come through more informal caregiving from better-educated daughters to older fathers with a limited role played by financial support from adult children.Chlamydia (C.) pecorum, an obligate intracellular bacterial species commonly found in ruminants, can also occur in pigs. However, its significance as a potential porcine pathogen, or commensal, is still unclear. In a previous study (Hoffmann et al. 2015), mixed infections of C. suis and C. pecorum were detected in 14 Swiss fattening pig farms. Using these samples, we aimed to investigate the infection dynamics of C. suis and C. pecorum mixed infections in these farms. In addition, we analyzed the genetic diversity of Swiss porcine C. pecorum strains in relation to globally circulating strains. In total, 1284 conjunctival and rectal swabs from 391 pigs, collected at the beginning and end of the fattening period, were tested during the course of this study. We determined the bacterial loads of C. suis and C. pecorum using species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) and compared these results to already existing DNA-microarray and Chlamydiaceae qPCR data. Overall, C. suis and Chlamydiaceae copy numbers decreased in the course of the fattening period, whereas C. pecorum copy numbers increased. No association was found between clinical signs (conjunctivitis, lameness and diarrhea) and the bacterial loads. Preventive antibiotic treatment at the beginning of the fattening period significantly lowered the chlamydial load and outdoor access was associated with higher loads. Proximity to the nearest ruminants correlated with increased C. pecorum loads, indicating that C. pecorum could be transmitted from ruminants to pigs. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and major outer membrane protein (ompA) genotyping revealed two novel sequence types (STs) (301, 302) and seven unique ompA genotypes (1-7) that appear to form a specific clade separate from other European C. pecorum strains.A 2018 estimate indicates that there were 226,057 radon-attributable lung cancer deaths in 66 countries that had representative radon surveys. This is a shocking figure, and as it comes from only 66 countries it underestimates the worldwide death toll. Any research that enables countries to conduct representative radon surveys and to understand better the risk to citizens from radon is surely welcome. We hope this paper provides a useful methodology for estimating population risk. The estimation of population weighted average indoor radon levels requires statistically valid sampling methodologies that use a representative sample of occupied homes throughout the country. A literature review indicates that in many population weighted surveys, the sampling methodology may not have been designed to do this. This paper describes a simple, resource efficient methodology which produces statistically valid and reliable estimates based on a small scale sample that is representative of the population distribution. The resource efficient design of this study enables it to be repeated at frequent intervals providing for a longitudinal analysis of the population risk from indoor radon.
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