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[Learning to flourish health care cocaine recommending techniques with Covid-19].
Tannery wastewater presents high concentrations of organic load and pollutant recalcitrant molecules (e.g. tannins), which reduce the efficiency of biological treatment processes. Recent studies showed that several fungal species and strains are effective in the degradation of tannins. However, high bacterial load can negatively affect fungal growth, reducing system stability and degradation performances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the introduction of bacterivorous grazers (ciliates and/or rotifers) in batch scale experiments using fungi to remove Tara tannin, i.e. to check the potential synergistic effect between fungi and bacterivorous grazers in the degradation of recalcitrant compounds. In this context, the ciliated grazers Paramecium calkinsi, Tetrahymena sp., Pseudovorticella sp., and the rotifer Lecane inermis, preliminary selected according to their ability to grow in a solution prepared with Tara tannin, were separately tested. Activated sludge, including a complex mixture of native grazers, was used as experimental control. The following parameters were monitored bacterial load, number of grazers/mL and Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD). Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/grazers ratio was also calculated. Particular attention was paid to i) bacterial load reduction and ii) enhancement of recalcitrant compounds degradation, and we observed that in all experimental conditions where grazers occurred bacterial load was significantly reduced and the system achieved a higher SCOD removal in a shorter time. Our findings provide useful insights for the stabilization of fungal-based systems in non-sterile conditions. © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.The design of a composite material structure is often challenging as it is driven by the trade-off between lightweight performance and production costs. In this paper, the boundaries of this design trade-off and its implications on material selection, geometrical design and manufacturability are analysed for a number of design strategies and composite material systems. The analysis is founded on a methodology that couples weight-optimization and technical cost modelling through an application-bound design cost. Each design strategy is evaluated for three levels of bending and torsional stiffness. The resulting stiffness-versus cost-range together constructs the design envelope and provides guidelines on the suitability and improvement potential of each case. Design strategies researched include monolithic, u-beam-, sandwich-insert- and sandwich-stiffened plates. Considered material systems include carbon-, glass, recycled carbon-, lignin- and hemp-fibre reinforced composites. Optimized sandwich designs are shown to have lowest design cost. selleck inhibitor Glass-, recycled carbon-, lignin- and hemp-fibre reinforced composite materials are all shown to reduce costs but at lower stiffness performance. Ultimately, the case study demonstrates the importance of early structural design trade-off studies and material selection and justifies introducing novel fibre systems in low-cost applications of moderate stiffness levels. © 2020 The Authors.Bibliometric studies are important to understand changes and improvement opportunities in academia. This study compared bibliometric trends for two major sports medicine/arthroscopy journals, the American Journal of Sports Medicine® (AJSM®) and Arthroscopy® over the past 30 years. Trends over time and comparisons between both journals were noted for common bibliometric variables (number of authors, references, pages, citations, and corresponding author position) as well as author gender and continental origin. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed. A p less then 0.001 was considered statistically significant. One representative year per decade was used. There were 814 manuscripts from AJSM® and 650 from Arthroscopy®. For AJSM® the number of manuscripts steadily increased from 86 in 1986 to 350 in 2016; for Arthroscopy® the number of manuscripts increased from 73 in 1985/1986, to 267 in 2006, but then dropped to 229 in 2016. There were significant increases in all bibliometric variables, except for the number of citations which decreased in Arthroscopy®. There were significant differences in manuscript region of origin by journal (p = 0.000002). Arthroscopy® had a greater percentage of manuscripts from Asia than AJSM® (19.3% vs 11.5%) while AJSM® had a greater percentage from North America (70.3% vs 59.2%); both journals had similar percentages from Europe (18.2% for AJSM® and 21.6% for Arthroscopy®). For AJSM® the average percentage of female first authors was 13.3%, increasing from 4.7% in 1986 to 19.3% in 2016; the average percentage of female corresponding authors was 7.3%. For Arthroscopy®, the average percentage of female first authors was 8.1%, increasing from 2.8% in 1985/1986 to 15.7% in 2016 (p = 0.00007). In conclusion, AJSM® and Arthroscopy® showed an increase in most variables analyzed. Although Arthroscopy® is climbing at a higher rate than AJSM® for female authors, AJSM® has an overall greater percentage of female authors. © 2020 The Author(s).The purpose of this study was to investigate the best ratio of waste foundry sand (WFS), fly ash (FA), and electric arc furnace slag (EAF slag) for the production of geopolymer bricks. In this research study, WFS, FA, and EAF slag were mixed at the ratio of 70300, 603010, 503020, and 403030 with 8M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 98% purity sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with a ratio of Na2SiO3/8M NaOH = 2.5. The mixtures were compacted in 5 cm × 5 cm x 5 cm molds and cured at an ambient temperature for 28 days. Then, their compressive strength was analyzed. The results showed that the geopolymer bricks with the highest compressive strength were those mixed at the 403030 ratio, with a compressive strength of 25.76 MPa. The strongest bricks were also analyzed using the leaching test to ensure the production involved non-hazardous materials. To compare the environmental impacts of geopolymer bricks and concrete bricks, their effects on climate change, ozone depletion, terrestrial acidification, human toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion were examined from cradle to grave using SimaPro 8.
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