Notes

Parotocinclus jacksoni, a whole new hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from your Rio Mamanguape pot, north-eastern Brazilian.
Traditionally, local adaptation has been seen as the outcome of a long evolutionary history, particularly with regard to sexual lineages. By contrast, phenotypic plasticity has been thought to be most important during the initial stages of population establishment and in asexual species. We evaluated the roles of adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity in the invasive success of two closely related species of invasive monkeyflowers (Mimulus) in the UK that have contrasting reproductive strategies M. guttatus combines sexual (seeds) and asexual (clonal growth) reproduction while M. × robertsii is entirely asexual.

We compared the clonality (number of stolons), floral and vegetative phenotype, and phenotypic plasticity of native (M. guttatus) and invasive (M. guttatus and M. × robertsii) populations grown in controlled environment chambers under the environmental conditions at each latitudinal extreme of the UK. The goal was to discern the roles of temperature and photoperiod on the expression of phenocity. This indicates that even asexual taxa can rapidly (<200 years) adapt to novel environmental conditions in which alternative strategies may not ensure the persistence of populations.
This study provides experimental evidence of local adaptation in a strictly asexual invasive species with high clonality and phenotypic plasticity. This indicates that even asexual taxa can rapidly ( less then 200 years) adapt to novel environmental conditions in which alternative strategies may not ensure the persistence of populations.This paper is concerned with the role of science and technology in helping to create change in society. Diagnostic radiology is an example of an activity that has undergone significant change due to such developments, which over the past 40 years have led to a huge increase in the volume of medical imaging data generated. However, these developments have by and large left the human elements of the radiological process (referrer, radiographer and radiologist) intact. Diagnostic radiology has now reached a stage whereby the volume of information generated cannot be fully utilised solely by employing human observers to form clinical opinions, a process that has not changed in over 100 years. In order to address this problem, the potential application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the form of Deep Learning (DL) techniques to diagnostic radiology indicates that the next technological development phase may already be underway. The paper outlines the historical development of AI techniques, including Machine Learning and DL Neural Networks and discusses how such developments may affect radiological practice over the coming decades. The ongoing growth in the world market for radiological services is potentially a significant driver for change. The application of AI and DL learning techniques will place quantification of diagnostic outcomes at the heart of performance evaluation and quality standards. The effect this might have on the optimisation process will be discussed and in particular the possible need for automation in order to meet more stringent and standardised performance requirements that might result from these developments. Changes in radiological practices would also impact upon patient protection including the associated scientific support requirements and these are discussed.Self-controlled study designs can be used to assess the association between exposures and acute outcomes while controlling for important confounders. Using routinely collected health data, a self-controlled case series design was used to investigate the association between opioid use and bone fractures in 2008-2017 among adults registered in the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The relative incidence of fracture was estimated, comparing periods when these adults were exposed and unexposed to opioids, adjusted for time-varying confounders. Of 539,369 people prescribed opioids, 67,622 sustained fractures and were included in this study. The risk of fracture was significantly increased when the patient was exposed to opioids, with an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 3.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.82, 4.04). Fracture risk was greatest in the first week of starting opioid use (adjusted incidence rate ratio 7.81, 95% CI 7.40, 8.25) and declined with increasing duration of use. Restarting opioid use after a gap in exposure significantly increased fracture risk (adjusted incidence rate ratio 5.05, 95% CI 4.83, 5.29) when compared with nonuse. These findings highlight the importance of raising awareness of fractures among patients at opioid initiation and demonstrate the utility of self-controlled methods for pharmacoepidemiologic research.Alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones has been associated with a range of chronic metabolic and cardiovascular health conditions. This study evaluated whether type of farming (organic versus conventional) or the number of self-reported days of spraying pesticides in the past 8 months was associated with diurnal cortisol levels. find more Salivary cortisol levels were measured four times a day (waking, 30 min after waking, 6 h after waking and bedtime) longitudinally, 8 months apart during three rounds of data collection. Pesticide using (conventional) and organic farmers were recruited to participate. Pesticide use in the previous 8 months was determined as the number of spray days for each type of pesticide used (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide) from self-reported questionnaires. Estimates of cortisol levels at four time points, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and the diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) were estimated with a longitudinal mixed model that accounted for the non-linearitye appears to be disrupting the HPA axis and depressing the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm among conventional Thai farmers.Breath-hold diving is a common practice as a part of military dive training. An association between prior lung injury and a propensity for lung barotrauma may have the potential to impact mission readiness for combat divers, Pararescue, Combat Controllers, Army Engineer divers, and various units in Naval Special Warfare and Special Operations. Barotrauma is a common complication of diving, typically occurring at depths greater than 30 m (98.4 ft). Individuals with abnormal lung anatomy or function may be at increased risk of barotrauma at shallower depths than those with healthy lungs, rendering these service members unfit for certain missions. We describe the case of a 25-year-old male, with a remote history of polytrauma and resultant pulmonary pleural adhesions, whose dive training was complicated by lung barotrauma at shallow depths. In missions or training utilizing breath-hold diving, the association with secondary alterations in lung or thoracic anatomy and function may limit which service members can safely participate.
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