Notes

Spatio-temporal adjustments to water good quality in the Guarapiranga tank (São Paulo, South america): information from the long-term checking info collection.
The prevalence of pollen allergy has increased due to urbanization, climate change and air pollution. The effects of green space and air pollution on respiratory health of pollen allergy patients are complex and best studied in spatio-temporal detail.

We tracked 144 adults sensitized to Betulaceae pollen during the tree pollen season (January-May) of 2017 and 2018 and assessed their spatio-temporal exposure to green space, allergenic trees, air pollutants and birch pollen. Participants reported daily symptom severity scores. We extracted 404 case days with high symptom severity scores and matched these to 404 control days. The data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression with a 11 case-crossover design.

Case days were associated with exposure to birch pollen concentration (100 grains/m
) [adjusted odds ratio 1.045 and 95% confidence interval (1.014-1.078)], O
concentration (10 μg/m
) [1.504 (1.281-1.766)] and PM
concentration (10 μg/m
) [1.255 (1.007-1.565)] on the day of the severe allergy event and with the cumulative exposure of one and two days before. Exposure to grass cover (10% area fraction) [0.655 (0.446-0.960)], forest cover (10% area fraction) [0.543 (0.303-0.973)] and density of Alnus (10%) [0.622 (0.411-0.942)] were protective for severe allergy, but only on the day of the severe allergy event. Increased densities of Betula trees (10%) were a risk factor [unadjusted OR 2.014 (1.162-3.490)].

Exposure to green space may mitigate tree pollen allergy symptom severity but only when the density of allergenic trees is low. Air pollutants contribute to more severe allergy symptoms. Spatio-temporal tracking allows for a more realistic exposure assessment.
Exposure to green space may mitigate tree pollen allergy symptom severity but only when the density of allergenic trees is low. Air pollutants contribute to more severe allergy symptoms. Spatio-temporal tracking allows for a more realistic exposure assessment.Maintaining and expanding protected areas (PAs) can benefit humans and the rest of nature, but also has direct management and opportunity costs. Assessing this trade-off can benefit from valuing ecosystem services (ESs). The gross value of a subset of ESs provided by China's existing terrestrial PAs, which cover 18% of China's land, was conservatively estimated at $2.64 trillion/yr (US$2017). This is 15 and 14 times the basic conservation costs (for preventing current ESs and biodiversity from deteriorating) and optimised conservation costs (for potentially improving ESs and biodiversity), respectively. China is committed to drawing an 'eco-redline' (the natural terrestrial space that has important ESs, biodiversity, vulnerable and sensitive ecosystems, and enforced strict conservation) to protect 25% of its lands. If the 'eco-redline' was to conserve 25% of China's terrestrial water retention, soil retention, sandstorm prevention, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, the gross value of those conserved regulating ESs would be $4.83 trillion/yr. This is 20 and 18 times the basic and optimised conservation costs, respectively. These results indicate that, the arguments that conservation constrains economic development and increases ecosystem disservices are not tenable. The results make clear the interconnections between conservation and the economy, and that true economic development is improvement of sustainable wellbeing - not merely growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).The prevalence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (ARE) in closed (CSF) and open (OSF) pig farming systems was analysed. Results showed that a high level of E. coli populations, antibiotic contamination in supplied water, and additional antibiotics used, such as neomycin (NEO) or colistin (CLT), were observed in OSF. Similar ARE resistance to five antibiotics, including NEO, was observed in the water source, dung, and wastewater/sludge but were different from those of CLT. An increased occurrence of ARE was found in the sludge of anaerobic digestion (AD) and the waste stabilisation pond (WSP), but they were not well correlated with their residual antibiotic concentrations. Vemurafenib cell line CLT administration yielded higher ARE prevalence in pig excreta and wastewater in OSF, but its absence in CSF also resulted in ARE occurrence with increased minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels in the anaerobic digester/waste stabilisation ponds. This study revealed that ARE prevalence and MIC levels of CLT could be developed during the wastewater treatment process in the pig farm, although none of the AREs were found in the original excreta/wastewater.The safe utilization of solid wastes containing heavy metals plays a crucial role in environmental preservation. As an efficient technology to achieve this goal, the preparation of glass ceramic foams from solid wastes can produce an excellent solidification effect on heavy metals. At present, there have been plenty of efforts made to achieve an excellent combination of such characteristics as mechanical strength, bulk density, thermal conductivity and so on, with the purpose to ensure the application in various high value-added fields. Due to the concentration on their application in the construction sector such as the use of thermal and acoustic insulation materials, some researchers seek to expand the scope of their applications. In this paper, a review is conducted into the methods used to prepare solid waste-based glass ceramic foams. Depending on the exact processing route, these methods can be categorized into two classes, which are powder sintering and inorganic gel casting. Not only heavy metals hinder the application of solid waste, they can also cause irreversible pollution to the wider environment. Solidification and volatilization represent the two routes associated with heavy-metal migration during the preparation of glass ceramic foams. Both traditional and innovative applications are indicated in this review. Furthermore, a discussion is conducted about the prospects and challenges facing different processing strategies, heavy-metal migration and applications.
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