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The 12 Best Evolution Site Accounts To Follow On Twitter
The Academy's Evolution Site

Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in the sciences comprehend the evolution theory and how it is incorporated across all areas of scientific research.

This site offers a variety of tools for teachers, students as well as general readers about evolution. It includes important video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and harmony in a variety of cultures. It also has practical applications, such as providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions.

The first attempts to depict the biological world were based on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which rely on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or on small fragments of their DNA greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be included in the tree of life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes, and bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.

Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to represent the Tree of Life by circumventing the need for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers like the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

The Tree of Life has been significantly expanded by genome sequencing. However there is still a lot of biodiversity to be discovered. This is especially relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and which are usually only found in one sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes produced an unfinished draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of bacteria, archaea and other organisms that haven't yet been identified or whose diversity has not been thoroughly understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, assisting to determine if certain habitats require protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, including finding new drugs, battling diseases and improving the quality of crops. This information is also extremely valuable for conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas most likely to be home to cryptic species, which may perform important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to human-induced change. While funding to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to protect the world's biodiversity is to equip more people in developing nations with the necessary knowledge to act locally and promote conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, illustrates the relationships between different groups of organisms. Scientists can construct an phylogenetic chart which shows the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity, evolution and genetics.

A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms that have similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits share their evolutionary origins, while analogous traits look similar, but do not share the identical origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping referred to as a the clade. Every organism in a group share a trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor who had these eggs. The clades then join to create a phylogenetic tree to identify organisms that have the closest relationship to.

To create a more thorough and accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify how many organisms share an ancestor common to all.

The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a number of factors that include the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type behaviour that can change as a result of unique environmental conditions. This can make a trait appear more similar to a species than to another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. However, this problem can be solved through the use of techniques like cladistics, which incorporate a combination of homologous and analogous features into the tree.


Additionally, phylogenetics aids predict the duration and rate at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists in making choices about which species to safeguard from disappearance. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to a complete and balanced ecosystem.

Evolutionary Theory

The main idea behind evolution is that organisms change over time due to their interactions with their environment. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve gradually according to its needs and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or non-use of traits cause changes that could be passed on to offspring.

In the 1930s & 1940s, concepts from various areas, including natural selection, genetics & particulate inheritance, were brought together to create a modern theorizing of evolution. This explains how evolution is triggered by the variations in genes within the population and how these variations change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, called genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of current evolutionary biology, and is mathematically described.

Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that genetic variation can be introduced into a species through mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as the directional selection process and the erosion of genes (changes in the frequency of genotypes over time) can lead to evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in an individual).

Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can improve student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny as well as evolution. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance, showed that teaching about the evidence supporting evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology class. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, look up The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally scientists have studied evolution by looking back, studying fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. 무료 에볼루션 isn't a flims event, but an ongoing process. Viruses evolve to stay away from new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of a changing environment. The results are usually easy to see.

It wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was at work. The reason is that different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed from one generation to the next.

In the past when one particular allele--the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding species, it could quickly become more common than the other alleles. In time, this could mean the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

It is easier to see evolution when a species, such as bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988 the biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples of each are taken on a regular basis and more than fifty thousand generations have passed.

Lenski's research has shown that mutations can drastically alter the speed at which a population reproduces and, consequently the rate at which it evolves. It also shows evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept.

Microevolution can be observed in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations where insecticides are used. This is because pesticides cause an enticement that favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.

The speed at which evolution takes place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activity--including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that hinder many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter decisions about the future of our planet as well as the life of its inhabitants.

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