Notes

Persistence regarding humoral result on SARS-CoV-2 infection.
d by copyright. All rights reserved.One of the key challenges of cancer biology is to catalogue and understand the somatic genomic alterations leading to cancer. Although alternative definitions and search methods have been developed to identify cancer driver genes and mutations, analyses of thousands of cancer genomes return a remarkably similar catalogue of around 300 genes that are mutated in at least one cancer type. Yet, many features of these genes and their role in cancer remain unclear, first and foremost when a somatic mutation is truly oncogenic. In this review, we first summarize some of the recent efforts in completing the catalogue of cancer driver genes. Ivarmacitinib Then, we give an overview of different aspects that influence the oncogenicity of somatic mutations in the core cancer driver genes, including their interactions with the germline genome, other cancer driver mutations, the immune system or their potential role in healthy tissues. In coming years, this research holds promise to illuminate how, when and why cancer driver genes and mutations are really drivers, and thereby move personalized cancer medicine and targeted therapies forward. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM To investigate a novel observational rating protocol designed to expedite clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD Two hundred and forty patients referred to a tertiary autism center (median age 8y 9mo, 2y 6mo-34y 8mo; 188 males, 52 females) were rated using an adaptation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS-2) based exclusively on patient observation (CARS-2obs ). Scores were compared to expert diagnosis of ASD, parent-reported Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) and, in a selected subset of patients, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). RESULTS CARS-2obs distinguished patients with a clinical diagnosis of ASD from those with non-ASD neuropsychiatric disorders (mean score=18 vs 11.7, p less then 0.001). Severity ratings on the CARS-2obs correlated with the ADOS-2 (r=0.68, ρ=0.64) and SRS-2 (r=0.31, ρ=0.32). A CARS-2obs cutoff point equal to or greater than 16 demonstrated 95.8% specificity and 62.3% sensitivity in discriminating individuals with ASD from individuals without ASD. INTERPRETATION The CARS-2obs allows the rapid acquisition of quantitative ratings of autistic severity by direct observation. Coupled with parent/teacher-reported symptoms and developmental history, the measure may contribute to a low-cost diagnostic paradigm in clinical and public health settings, where positive results might help reduce delays in diagnosis, and negative results could prompt further specialty assessment. What this paper adds The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition based on patient observation distinguished individuals with versus without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A score equal to or greater than 16 on this assessment showed high specificity for a diagnosis of ASD. © 2020 Mac Keith Press.in English, Spanish ANTECEDENTES La cirugía bariátrica conlleva un riesgo de complicaciones postoperatorias graves, que algunas veces ocasionan reintervenciones o incluso son causa de mortalidad. La incidencia y los factores de riesgo de reinterveniones y mortalidad a los 90 días tras cirugía bariátrica no están claros, y fueron examinados en este estudio. MÉTODOS Todos los pacientes que fueron sometidos a cirugía bariátrica en uno de los cinco países nórdicos en 1980-2012 fueron incluidos en un estudio de cohortes de base poblacional. Los datos de los procedimientos quirúrgicos y endoscópicos, diagnóstico, y mortalidad se obtuvieron a partir de registros nacionales completos y de alta calidad. Mediante una regresión de Cox multivariable se obtuvieron los cocientes de riesgos instantáneos (hazard ratios, HR) y los intervalos de confianza 95% (i.c. del 95%) ajustados por país, edad, sexo, comorbilidad, y tipo, abordaje, año y volumen de casos de cirugía bariátrica del hospital. RESULTADOS De un total de 49.977 primeros 90 días tras la cirugía bariátrica, incluso en esta cohorte nacional y no seleccionada de cinco paises. Los pacientes mayores con comorbilidades tienen un riesgo relativo aumentado de reintervención y mortalidad.The diversity of primary producers strongly affects the structure and diversity of species assemblages at other trophic levels. However, limited knowledge exists of how plant diversity effects at small spatial scales propagate to consumer communities at larger spatial scales. We assessed arthropod community β and γ-diversity in response to experimentally manipulated plant community richness in two long-term grassland biodiversity experiments (Jena, Germany and Cedar Creek, US) replicated over two years. We calculated arthropod species turnover among all plot combinations (β-diversity), and accumulated number of arthropod species occurring on (1) all pairwise plot combinations, and (2) 40 randomly selected six-plot combinations (γ-diversity). The components of arthropod diversity were tested against two measures of plant diversity, namely average plant α-diversity (P̅S̅R̅) and the average difference in plant α-diversity between plots (ΔPSR). Whereas P̅S̅R̅ points to the overall importance of plant α-diversity ervational studies, strongly suggest that maintaining high α-diversity in plant communities is important for conserving multiple components of arthropod diversity. As arthropods carry out a range of essential ecosystem functions, such as pollination and natural pest-control, our findings provide crucial insight for effective planning of human-dominated landscapes to maximise both ecological and economic benefits in grassland systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Top-down and bottom-up controls regulate the structure and stability of ecosystems, but their relative roles in terrestrial systems have been debated. Here we studied a hydro-inundated land-bridge system in subtropical China and tested the relative importance of these two controls in determining the rodent-mediated regeneration of a locally dominant tree species. Our results showed that both controls operated in terrestrial habitats and that their relative importance switched as habitat size changed. Habitat loss initially removed predators of rodents that released rodent populations and triggered massive seed predation (top-down control), leading to reduced seedling establishment. A further reduction in habitat size led to decrease in rodent population that was supposed to increase seedling survival of the tree species, but the decline in habitat size deteriorated the abiotic environments (bottom-up control) that severely prevented seedling recruitment. As the ongoing global land use change is creating increasing number of small-sized forest fragments, our findings provide novel insights into the restoration of seriously fragmented forests.
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