Notes

Knowing Elderspeak: A great Transformative Concept Analysis.
Luffa echinata Roxb. is one of the neglected medicinal plants. It is an important source of bioactive metabolites and used in several Ayurvedic formulations. In the present analysis, mature leaves and fruits were extracted with acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile, methanol and water. Phytochemicals like total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), tannin (TTC), alkaloid (TAC) and terpenoid (TTEC) content were analysed. Further, antioxidant (AOX) activities like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, metal chelating activity (MC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum assay (PMA) were studied. Highest TPC and TFC (189.57 ± 1.9 mg TAE/g extract, 30.48 ± 0.7 mg CE/g extract, respectively) were reported from acetone extract of the leaves. Ethanolic fruit extract showed the highest TTC (13.79 ± 0.2 mg CE/g extract). Acetone and acetonitrile fruit extract revealed maximum TTEC (602.79 ± 3.5 murbitacin I (CuI) and cucurbitacin E (CuE) in the fruits (57.14 ± 4.9 and 2.03 ± 0.03 mg/g DW, respectively). RP-HPLC analysis of extracts revealed presence of gallic acid (GA), catechin (CA), vanillic acid (VA), chlorogenic acid (CHLA) and coumaric acid (COA), in which highest GA found in the fruits (1.26 ± 0.07 mg/g DW). Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed presence of bioactive compounds from various groups. Based on the present findings, it was revealed that the fruit and leaf of L. echinata can be used as potent bioresource for natural antioxidants, anti-diabetic, and anticancer drug.The effects of three rhizobacterial isolates namely Pseudomonas fluorescens (M1), Pseudomonas putida (M2) and Bacillus subtilis (M3) were examined to enhance growth and chemical components such as chlorophyll and proline of three cultivars of soybean (Glycine max L.) under two levels of salinity stress (S1 = 200 mM and S2 = 400 mM of NaCl salt). Several morphological and physiological parameters were investigated. The highest mean values of final germination percent (FGP) were registered in cultivar Crawford (95%) followed by Giza111 cultivar (93%) in the presence of P. fluorescens, while, FGP of Clark was 85%. Mean germination time was decreased by the application of P. fluorescens or P. putida in both salt stressed and unstressed traits. All growth parameters were significantly decreased by salinity treatments, particularly at S2. A significant increase in stem length and shoot fresh weight was recorded in plants treated with P. fluorescens. This enhancing trend was followed by the application of P. putida recorded in Clark. Therefore, the ISSR can be used to identify alleles associated with the salt stress in soybean germplasm.
Cytokines exert biological function through signal transducer and activator of transcription factors. Prostaglandins have function as promotors, where play a key role in generation of the inflammatory response and as ones that solve inflammatory process.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis but the existence of additional mechanisms is present. Thus, we aimed to explore effects of topically applied NSAIDs on the levels of PGE2 and Stat3 in the setting of two in vivo induced acute inflammation models.

Male Wistar rats were randomized into five equal groups 4 treated and a control group. Diclofenac or ketoprofen patches were applied in two different doses, i.e. equivalent to human therapeutic dose, and three times higher dose. Three hours later either model of inflammation (with 20% yeast, or with 1% carrageenan) was induced.Blood samples were taken 3 hours after and concentration levels of PGE 2 and Stat3 were determined using ELISA. LY3009120 molecular weight Body temperature was measured at 0. 1
, ketoprofen group compared to control.

Elevated Stat3 values post ketoprofen application in yeast model of induced inflammation were detected. Further investigation of cytokine microenvironment as well as the mechanisms of ketoprofen influence on inflammation are needed.
Elevated Stat3 values post ketoprofen application in yeast model of induced inflammation were detected. Further investigation of cytokine microenvironment as well as the mechanisms of ketoprofen influence on inflammation are needed.The septal organs are islands or patches of sensory epithelium, located in the ventral parts of the nasal septum and innervated by the olfactory nerve. The septal island in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) was unusually located in the rostro-dorsal part of the nasal septum, where the ethmoidal branch of the trigeminal nerve provides innervation to the island mucosa. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to reveal the microscopic and ultrastructure of this island and to explain the probable functions. Twelve septal islands from 12 healthy male camels were used. Unlike the olfactory epithelium, which has a pseudostratified structure, the island neuroepithelium had a true neural lamination. Furthermore, in electron micrographs, the receptor, bipolar, and basal cells were connected with an orderly, organized network of cell-cell communication, which had some spine synapses. This network substituted the absence of supporting cells, maintained the shape of the tissue, and held the cells together. Moreover, the receptor cells were not similar to any of the different types of olfactory sensory neurons. Instead, they possessed the apical domain that might be specialized for the detection of chemical stimuli. Interestingly, a resident population of immune cells, namely mast cells and macrophages, was observed. The probable functions were discussed based on the cellular context and architecture. The nasal septal island in dromedaries may have a role in pain perception. The receptor cells most probably work as nociceptive cells that interact with the resident immune cells to coordinate pain signaling with immune response.Predation is one of the significant biotic mortality factors reducing the insect pest population as functional response and the numerical response of the predator are the key factor regulating the population dynamics of predator prey species. This study is aimed to evaluate the functional response of all the developmental stages of Scymnus coccivora Ayyar (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) against the different densities of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) and the numerical response of female predator. Experiments were carried out in controlled environment laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C temperature, 60 ± 5% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 h. Number of eggs consumed, number of eggs laid and the Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) were recorded daily. Results from the study revealed that all the developmental stages of S. coccivora exhibited a Type II response. Different parameters such as attack rate (a'), handling time (Th) and the maximum rate of predation were estimated using Roger's random attack equation and Holling Disc equation in which Rogers random attack equation was found best fit.
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