Notes

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Filament aggregating protein (Filaggrin) is a skeletal cell component that provides a protective function for the epidermis. Mutations of the filaggrin gene (
) cause a loss of filaggrin protein. These mutations are seen in 50% of atopic dermatitis (AD). The aim of the study was to investigate the polymorphisms and mutations of the
in Iranian children with AD.

This project was a case-controlled study with 25 children diagnosed with AD as the case group and 25 healthy children as the control group. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, and filaggrin single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations were recorded. Blood samples were collected for the immunoglobulin E (IgE) assay and complete blood count tests.

We found a significant association between the presence of polymorphism (rs66831674) and patients' age, and polymorphism (rs41267154) and early onset of AD. We found no significant differences between the
polymorphisms with respect to the severity of AD, ethnicity, concurrent allergic diseases, eosinophilia, and IgE serum levels.

Interestingly,
variants (rs66831674 and rs41267154) were associated with age and early onset of AD. However, additional studies are required to confirm these results on a large scale of Iranian population. Moreover, establishing a cohort prospective study is suggested to assess the progression of other atopic disorders based on
polymorphisms.
Interestingly, FLG variants (rs66831674 and rs41267154) were associated with age and early onset of AD. However, additional studies are required to confirm these results on a large scale of Iranian population. Moreover, establishing a cohort prospective study is suggested to assess the progression of other atopic disorders based on FLG polymorphisms.Introduction and objectives With increasing pet allergies among pediatric patients, the need for precise environmental care is increasing. We investigated the clinical, immunological, and environmental characteristics of pediatric patients sensitized to a dog to evaluate the cross-antigenicity of canine lipocalin Can f 1 with feline lipocalin Fel d 1 and Syrian hamster extract.Materials and methods The protein fractions of the processed and commercial Syrian hamster extracts were compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition test was performed on Can f 1, Fel d 1, and processed Syrian hamster extract, and the antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding capacity for each antigen was analyzed using serum samples from patients.Results Twelve of 19 patients with a median age of 40.5 months were symptomatic when exposed to dogs. Eleven (91.7%) patients showed a positive IgE response to Can f 1. Two patients were positive for Fel d 1-specific IgE antibody, and one was positive for hamster-specific IgE antibody. SDS-PAGE confirmed the presence of different patterns of protein bands between the commercial and processed hamster extracts. There was no cross-antigenicity among Can f 1, Fel d 1, and processed Syrian hamster extract.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatological disease of childhood. The therapy with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (TNFi) in JIA patients has demonstrated efficacy and safety. The most reported adverse event is the high susceptibility to infections. Preventive vaccination helps to decrease these risks. Bromelain concentration The information on response to vaccines in JIA patients having treatment with anti-TNF is limited.

To evaluate the response to pneumococcal vaccine in JIA patients undergoing treatment with mAb.

Analytical observational mixed cohort study. Data obtained from the clinical records of an immunorheumatology polyclinic of a metropolitan hospital in Santiago (Chile). Treatments, pneumococcal vaccine schedules, immunological laboratory, and measurement of specific antibodies against 10 pneumococcal serotypes were recorded.

Nineteen patients were included; average age was 13.8 years; and average evolution time of the disease was 46.2 months. Adalimumab (Humira
) was indicated in case of 13 patients (68.4%) and etanercept (Enbrel
) to 6 (31.5%). The most indicated scheme was a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) followed at 8 weeks by a dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) in nine (47.3%) patients. Seventeen (89.4%) patients were on immunosuppressive treatment at the time of vaccination. Only one patient did not meet the criteria for response to vaccine.

The pneumococcal vaccine induces protective levels of serum antibodies in JIA patients undergoing TNFi treatment. The vaccination schedule and the lymphocyte count could influence the response capacity.
The pneumococcal vaccine induces protective levels of serum antibodies in JIA patients undergoing TNFi treatment. The vaccination schedule and the lymphocyte count could influence the response capacity.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency. Infections of the lungs, skin, lymph nodes, and liver are the hallmark of CGD with frequent initial manifestations of the disease. The aim of the present study was to describe the sites of infections and their causative agents in 38 CGD pediatric patients.

This was a retrospective single-center cohort study comprising CGD patients, and followed for over last 40 years at the Allergy and Immunology Unit of a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Sites of infections and their causative agents were described.

A total of 38 patients were included (36 males and 2 females). Median age at the onset of symptoms was 45 days (7 days-7 years) and that at the time of diagnosis was 23 months (1 month-12 years); 31.6% of the parents reported death of relatives during childhood and 21% (8 cases) had another male family member with CDG. The most common infections were pneumonia (81.6%), skin infections (50.0%), adenitis (42.1%), and liver abscess (23.7%). In all, 188 cultures were positive (85.6% for bacteria and 14.4% for fungi). The most prevalent bacterial agents were
. (12.4%),
(11.2%), and
(9.3%).
. and
. were 56% and 22.2% of the isolated fungi, respectively.
was isolated in 5.6% and
in 0.9% (only in 1 patient) of cultures.

.,
, and
. were the most frequent agents in this cohort.
should be considered in endemic areas. Detection of infectious agents drives to find adequate treatment and benefits the evolution of patients with CGD.
Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequent agents in this cohort. M. tuberculosis should be considered in endemic areas. Detection of infectious agents drives to find adequate treatment and benefits the evolution of patients with CGD.
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