Notes

Cap-dependent, scanning-free interpretation start mechanisms.
lly harmine, demonstrate notable anticancer properties by targeting apoptosis, autophagy, abnormal cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cytotoxicity. Based on the collected information, P. harmala holds significant anticancer activity. Considering the mechanism of the various anticancer drugs and their acting similarity to P. harmala, the alkaloids derived from this herb, particularly harmine, can introduce as a novel anticancer medicine solely or in adjuvant cancer therapy.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may lead to severe disease in some cases, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. This severe phenotype seems to be associated with a cytokine storm and immune dysregulation. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, lymphopenia, and decreased levels of regulatory T cells are some of the immunological features that are seen in patients with SARS-CoV-2. As the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 is influenced by both viral virulence and dysregulated inflammatory response, a combination therapy approach using antiviral drugs plus anti-inflammatory treatments, such as corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies against the IL-6 and IL-1β pathways, and JAK inhibitors are under clinical trials.Infectious diseases have been prevalent since many decades and viral pathogens have caused global health crisis and economic meltdown on a devastating scale. High occurrence of newer viral infections in the recent years, in spite of the progress achieved in the field of pharmaceutical sciences defines the critical need for newer and more effective antiviral therapies and diagnostics. The incidence of multi-drug resistance and adverse effects due to the prolonged use of anti-viral therapy is also a major concern. Nanotechnology offers a cutting edge platform for the development of novel compounds and formulations for biomedical applications. The unique properties of nano-based materials can be attributed to the multi-fold increase in the surface to volume ratio at the nano-scale, tunable surface properties of charge and chemical moieties. Idealistic pharmaceutical properties such as increased bioavailability and retention times, lower toxicity profiles, sustained release formulations, lower dosage forms and most importantly, targeted drug delivery can be achieved through the approach of nanotechnology. The extensively researched nano-based materials are metal and polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles, nano-drug delivery vesicles, liposomes and lipid based nanoparticles. In this review article, the impact of nanotechnology on the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) viral infections during the last decade are outlined.Renal carcinoma (RC) is the ninth most prevalent cancer in men. Advancements in high throughput technology have begun to scratch the surface of the complex landscape of renal cancer. Development, progression, invasion and metastasis are the key mechanism modulated by the microRNAs. Recent pieces of evidence have delineated the role of these micro steering wheels in the regulation of vital processes of RC biology, therefore miRNAs can be implemented as a new therapeutic target for RC. MicroRNAs also negatively affect the process of apoptosis in cancer cells leading to their survival and growth. The role of dysregulated microRNAs in hindering the TRAIL-mediated apoptotic pathway is also known. Therapeutic interventions targeting tumor-suppressive microRNAs to promote apoptosis through extrinsic/intrinsic pathways seem a promising approach for advanced stage and metastatic renal cancers. This review aims to discuss renal carcinoma-specific microRNAs and their role in the TRAIL pathway and also shed light on the distinguished microRNAs that could serve as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic targets for this cancer.Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants causes oxidative stress by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tissues and organs. Oxidative stress occurs in many damage conditions, and the increase of ROS and reduction of antioxidants enhances inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis and may worsen the pathology leading to organ failure. The potential therapies aim to increase antioxidants and decrease ROS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the stroma of various tissues are multipotent cells and have beneficial effects on several diseases with their immunomodulation and regeneration capacities. MSCs trigger the proliferation of the cells with various secretory factors, reduce the oxidative stress and decrease apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis and thus increase the regeneration. find more However, survival, engraftment and differentiation problems of transplanted MSCs restrict their protective and regenerative effects. Preconditioning of MSCs with several factors such as cytokines, hypoxia, chemical agents, pharmocological drugs, physical factors and growth factors enhances their repairing efficacy for injury and disease models. This review is mainly focused on insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and discusses the research on MSC priming/induction with IGF-1 and HGF stimulation either by supplementation or overexpression can enhance regenerative potential of MSCs on various oxidative stress conditions such as acute/chronic kidney diseases, lung injury, cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enable a novel approach in stem cell therapy. Bone marrow (BM) was the first source used in MSCs therapy. However, BM has a number of key limitations as a source of MSCs, such as existence of only a small number of MSCs in the tissue, the painful, ethically problematic, and invasive nature of the associated collection process, and decrease in MSC specifications as age of donors increases. As a result, there has been increasing scholarly attention in identifying alternative sources for MSCs. In specific, Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) has been identified as a valuable source from which MSC may be obtained with potentially fewer ethical issues. MSCs can regulate the immune response, promote tissue repair, increase regeneration, and improve anticancer effects. Thus, they are significant allogenic and autologous representative for curing malignant and non-malignant disorders. In this review, therefore, the prospective applications for curing autoimmune disorders will be considered.
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