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Superior Airway Space - SAS, Posterior Airway Space - PAS and Hypopharyngeal Airway Space (HAS)), hyoid bone position (Mandibular Plane Hyoid distance), mean area and mean volume. The percentage change and change in these parameters per millimeter advancement or setback of mandible at T1 was calculated. A significant increase in linear airway parameters (SAS and PAS); decrease in hyoid distance; and increase in volume and area of upper airway was observed at T1 in Group 1 and reverse was observed in Group 2. The change in airway parameters (SAS, PAS, mean volume and area) was more significant in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. In the current airway centric approach, meticulous assessment and prediction of long-term airway changes post surgery should be an integral part of ortho-surgical diagnosis and treatment planning and suitable modifications in the treatment plan must be made to cater for any potential adverse effects on airway.
Oral breathing (OB) was considered associated with specific craniofacial structures and same for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). selleck chemicals llc This study aimed to investigate the differences of craniofacial structures between OB and OSA.

In this retrospective study, 317 children under age 18 years were recruited and divided into OB group, OSA group, and control group. OSA group (15 boys, 4 girls) were referred from qualified sleep center and diagnosed as pediatric OSA with full-night polysomnography. OB group (10 boys, 10 girls) were mostly referral from pediatric or ENT department, some of whom undertook polysomnography and were not OSA. Control group consisted of orthodontic patients within the same period. Lateral cephalograms were obtained in all groups and their parameters were compared with Chinese normal values and each other.

R-PNS of OB group (18.04 ± 2.49 mm) was greater than OSA group (14.27 ± 4.36 mm) and even control group (16.22 ± 3.91 mm) (P < 0.01). U1-NA was also the greatest in OB group (7.15 ± 2.92 mm), followed by OSA group (4.88 ± 2.66 mm), while control group was the smallest (5.71 ± 2.94 mm) (P < 0.05). In addition, OB group presented the smallest adenoids and tonsils among three groups. Bony nasopharynx development, mandibular length and growth direction of mandible of OB group were all better than OSA group.

Despite of oral breathing, anatomical morphology (well-developed dentoalveolar structures; mild adenotonsillar hypertrophy) might protect children from developing OSA.
Despite of oral breathing, anatomical morphology (well-developed dentoalveolar structures; mild adenotonsillar hypertrophy) might protect children from developing OSA.
Trauma involving the facial bones has been shown to be associated with high severity in previous studies. Characteristics of facial fractures in adults have been well described in the adult population, less so in the pediatric literature. Our investigation aims to define these epidemiological measures and risk factors for poor outcomes using the most recent data.

The 2016 Trauma Quality Improvement Program data bank was examined to study facial fracture pattern, mechanism of injury, and demographic descriptive data to characterize pediatric trauma patients. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors for morbidity and mortality in pediatric facial fracture patients.

Of 51,168 total pediatric trauma patients, 2917 (5.7%) presented with facial fractures. Motor vehicle trauma was the most common mechanism of injury. Maxillary/malar fractures was the most common fracture type overall. Mandibular fractures were most common in the 0 to 1 age category while nasal bone fractures were more common in older patients. Patients with mandible fractures experienced the highest rate of operative management. Zygoma fracture was highly associated with concomitant traumatic brain injury. Multivariable regression analysis showed that fracture of the zygoma, concomitant traumatic brain injury, and cervical spine injury were risk factors for increased mortality.

Facial fractures are a rare but significant form of trauma in the pediatric population. Our data suggests a slight change in fracture patterns compared to previous studies. Zygoma fractures, traumatic brain injury, and cervical spine injury are risk factors of increased mortality that clinicians should be aware of.
Facial fractures are a rare but significant form of trauma in the pediatric population. Our data suggests a slight change in fracture patterns compared to previous studies. Zygoma fractures, traumatic brain injury, and cervical spine injury are risk factors of increased mortality that clinicians should be aware of.
Fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) represent an extremely heterogeneous group of injuries to the midfacial skeleton. Traditionally, the diagnosis of such fractures was based on 2-dimensional radiograms and, more recently, on volumetric computed tomography (CT) scans, while the treatment was exclusively based on the surgeon's experience. Many classification attempts have been made in the past, but no paper has taken into account the importance of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in proving a modernized classification. The authors propose a classification based on the use of VSP which can guide the surgeon to identify the optimal reduction method and reproduce it in the operating room through the use of navigation.

Patients with ZMC fractures were collected to create a study model. The VSP was used to generate 3-dimensional models of fractures. Fractured segments were duplicated and digitally put in the optimal reduction position. Repositioned fragments were overlapped to their original preope displacement of the fracture and might indicate to the surgeons the required maneuvers to achieve optimal reduction. The presented proposal of classification might be an aid to simplify the choice of the most appropriate reduction method and might provide a deeper insight into the morphologic characteristics of fractures.
Treatment of orbital floor fracture is often needed to cure diplopia and enophthalmos. However, the available surgical methods have many limitations. An endoscopic endonasal reduction is a familiar approach for otolaryngologists; however, reconstruction of the orbital floor may pose certain problems. Here, the authors developed the endoscopic endonasal orbital floor fracture repair with mucosal preservation procedure (mucosal preservation procedure). This study aims to evaluate outcomes after the mucosal preservation procedure. The authors analyzed 18 patients who had their orbital floor repaired using the mucosal preservation procedure. Pre- and post-operative ocular motility range was measured with a Hess screen test, and the percentage of Hess area ratio (HAR%) was used for all statistical comparisons. The distance between the fractured bone and orbital floor (DBFO) on computed tomography was measured before and four months after surgery. Overall, diplopia, and pain improved after surgery in all patients.
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