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4%). No between-group differences were revealed for LST in the specific training phase. Our results suggest that reduced RT volume from three to one set per exercise for 8 weeks seems sufficient to retain neuromuscular adaptations in older women.Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced in the gut via microbial fermentation of dietary fibers referred to as microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs). Acetate, propionate, and butyrate have been observed to regulate host dietary nutrient metabolism, energy balance, and local and systemic immune functions. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown links between the presence of bacteria-derived SCFAs and host health through the blunting of inflammatory processes, as well as purported protection from the development of illness associated with respiratory infections. This bank of evidence suggests that SCFAs could be beneficial to enhance the athlete's immunity, as well as act to improve exercise recovery via anti-inflammatory activity and to provide additional energy substrates for exercise performance. However, the mechanistic basis and applied evidence for these relationships in humans have yet to be fully established. In this narrative review, we explore the existing knowledge of SCFA synthesis and the functional importance of the gut microbiome composition to induce SCFA production. Further, changes in gut microbiota associated with exercise and various dietary MACs are described. RU58841 Finally, we provide suggestions for future research and practical applications, including how these metabolites could be manipulated through dietary fiber intake to optimize immunity and energy metabolism.Lower SIRT1 and insulin resistance are associated with accelerated telomere shortening. This study investigated whether the lifestyle of master athletes can attenuate these age-related changes and thereby slow aging. We compared insulin, SIRT1, and telomere length in highly trained male master athletes (n=52; aged 49.9±7.2 yrs) and age-matched non-athletes (n=19; aged 47.3±8.9 yrs). This is a cross-sectional study, in which all data were collected in one visit. Overnight fasted SIRT1 and insulin levels in whole blood were assessed using commercial kits. Relative telomere length was determined in leukocytes through qPCR analyses. Master athletes had higher SIRT1, lower insulin, and longer telomere length than age-matched non-athletes (p less then 0.05 for all). Insulin was inversely associated with SIRT1 (r=-0.38; p=0.001). Telomere length correlated positively with SIRT1 (r=0.65; p=0.001), whereas telomere length and insulin were not correlated (r=0.03; p=0.87). In conclusion, master athletes have higher SIRT1, lower insulin, and longer telomeres than age-matched non-athletes. Furthermore, SIRT1 was negatively associated with insulin and positively associated with telomere length. These findings suggest that in this sample of middle-aged participants reduced insulin, increased SIRT1 activity, and attenuation of biological aging are connected.
Pain is a ubiquitous experience encompassing perceptual, autonomic, and motor responses. Expectancy is known to amplify the perceived and autonomic components of pain, but its effects on motor responses are poorly understood. Understanding expectancy modulation of corticospinal excitability has important implications regarding deployment of adaptive and maladaptive protective behaviours in anticipation of pain. We developed a protocol to compare corticospinal excitability to expected high pain, expected low pain, and critically low pain when high pain was expected. Expecting high pain suppressed corticospinal excitability and heightened perceptual and autonomic responses to the low-pain stimulus, as with increased noxious stimulation (ie, expected high pain). Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived pain mediated the effect of both noxious stimulation and this expectancy-modulated pain on autonomic responses, but corticospinal excitability did not. These results demonstrate that merely expecting pain inn, and critically low pain when high pain was expected. Expecting high pain suppressed corticospinal excitability and heightened perceptual and autonomic responses to the low-pain stimulus, as with increased noxious stimulation (ie, expected high pain). Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived pain mediated the effect of both noxious stimulation and this expectancy-modulated pain on autonomic responses, but corticospinal excitability did not. These results demonstrate that merely expecting pain influenced all pain components. Findings shed new light on the aetiology of expectancy-modulated pain, whereby expecting pain mobilises the motor system to protect the body from harm by a protective withdrawal reflex, associated with reduced corticospinal excitability, and activates similar processes as increased nociceptive stimulation. This has significant practical implications for the treatment of pain, particularly in scenarios where avoidance of pain-related movement contributes to its maintenance.
In most experimental studies in which verbal suggestion and classical conditioning are implemented together to induce placebo effects, the former precedes the latter. In naturally occurring situations, however, the information concerning pain does not always precede but often follows the pain experience. Moreover, this information is not always congruent with experience. This study investigates whether the chronology of verbal suggestion and conditioning, as well as their congruence, affects placebo hypoalgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia. The effects induced in 15 groups were compared. The participants in 8 experimental groups were presented with verbal suggestions that were either congruent or incongruent with classical conditioning. The verbal suggestions were provided either before or after conditioning. In 2 other experimental groups, placebo conditioning or nocebo conditioning was implemented without any verbal suggestion; in 2 groups, verbal suggestion of hypoalgesia or hyperalgesia without conditioning der of the congruent procedures did not affect the magnitude of nocebo hyperalgesia. In the groups in which incongruent procedures were implemented, placebo hypoalgesia or nocebo hyperalgesia was in line with the direction of the last-used procedure, regardless of whether it was conditioning or verbal suggestion. The results show that not the type of the procedure (verbal suggestion or conditioning), but the direction of the last-used procedure shapes pain-related expectancies and determines placebo effects.
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