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Ding, Yanping, Jianfeng Liu, Yuanqing Xu, Xiaoqing Dong, and Baoping Shao. Evolutionary adaptation of aquaporin-4 in yak (Bos grunniens) brain to high-altitude hypoxia of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Kynurenic acid High Alt Med Biol 00000-000, 2020. Background In high-altitude animals, brain cell resilience against hypoxia stress is one critical evolutionary step that has promoted individual survival and species adaptation to the environment. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is implicated in a number of physiopathological processes, particularly in the development of brain edema, and other functions such as the regulation of extracellular space volume, potassium buffering, waste clearance, and calcium signaling. Still, the role of AQP4 in the adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia remains unknown. The yak (Bos grunniens) is the only large mammal that is currently known to have adapted to the high-altitude hypoxic environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (>4000 m above sea level). Methods In this study, we cloned the complementary DNA (cDNA) forle in the resistance to cerebral edema through low expression and maintenance of normal physiological function in the yak brain.Further development of biomass conversions to viable chemicals and fuels will require improved atom utilization, process efficiency, and synergistic allocation of carbon feedstock into diverse products, as is the case in the well-developed petroleum industry. The integration of biological and chemical processes, which harnesses the strength of each type of process, can lead to advantaged processes over processes limited to one or the other. This synergy can be achieved through bioprivileged molecules that can be leveraged to produce a diversity of products, including both replacement molecules and novel molecules with enhanced performance properties. However, important challenges arise in the development of bioprivileged molecules. This review discusses the integration of biological and chemical processes and its use in the development of bioprivileged molecules, with a further focus on key hurdles that must be overcome for successful implementation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 11 is June 8, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Nature has evolved a wide range of strategies to create self-assembled protein nanostructures with structurally defined architectures that serve a myriad of highly specialized biological functions. With the advent of biological tools for site-specific protein modifications and de novo protein design, a wide range of customized protein nanocarriers have been created using both natural and synthetic biological building blocks to mimic these native designs for targeted biomedical applications. In this review, different design frameworks and synthetic decoration strategies for achieving these functional protein nanostructures are summarized. Key attributes of these designer protein nanostructures, their unique functions, and their impact on biosensing and therapeutic applications are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 11 is June 8, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Ammonia is a critically important industrial chemical and is largely responsible for sustaining the growing global population. To provide ammonia to underdeveloped regions and/or regions far from industrial production hubs, modular systems are targeted that often involve unconventional production methodologies. These novel approaches for ammonia production can tap renewable resources at smaller scales located at the point of use while decreasing the CO2 footprint. Plasma-assisted catalysis and electrochemical ammonia synthesis have promise owing to their atmospheric pressure and low-temperature operation conditions and the ability to construct units at scales desired for modularization. Fundamental and applied studies are underway to assess these processes, although many unknowns remain. In this review, we discuss recent developments and opportunities for unconventional ammonia synthesis with a focus on plasma-stimulated systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 11 is June 8, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Objective lncRNA HAND2 antisense RNA 1 (HAND2-AS1) is consistently well recognized to suppress multiple tumors, while its function was uncertified in liver cancer. Materials and Methods qRT-PCR analysis and TCGA database discovered the expression in liver cancer. CCK-8 and Transwell migration assay demonstrated the impact of HAND2-AS1 on cell proliferation and migration. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay were utilized to monitor the binding between HAND2-AS1 or SOCS5 mRNA and miR-3118. The function of SOCS5 on inactivating the JAK-STAT pathway was confirmed through Western blot assays. Rescue experiments unmasked that HAND2-AS1-mediated SOCS5 affected cell proliferation and migration through the JAK-STAT pathway in liver cancer. Results The authors discovered the downregulated HAND2-AS1 in liver cancer cells. HAND2-AS1 augmentation apparently impaired the capacity of liver cancer viability, proliferation, and migration. Cytoplasmic HAND2-AS1 directly bound to miR-3118 and released SOCS5, leading to upregulation of SOCS5. Next, the negative regulator role of SOCS5 in the adjusting JAK-STAT pathway was reconfirmed in this study. Conclusions HAND2-AS1 enhanced inactivation of the JAK-STAT pathway through sponging miR-3118 and facilitating SOCS5 to retard cell proliferation and migration in liver cancer.This study aimed to identify possible relationships between corn productivity and its endosphere. The microbial sap communities were analyzed using TRFLP and identified using an internal reference database and BLAST. Diversity, richness, and normalized abundances of each bacterial population in corn sap samples were evaluated to link the microbiome of a specific field to its yield. A negative trend was observed where higher yielding fields had lower TRF richness. A PLS regression analysis of TRF intensity and binary data from 2014 identified ten TRFs (bacterial genera) that correlated to corn yields, when either absent or present at certain levels or ratios. Using these observations, a model was developed that accommodated criteria for each of the ten microbes and assigned a score for each field out of 10. Data collected in 2014 showed that sites with higher model scores were highly correlated with larger yields (r = 0.83). This correlation was also seen using the 2017 dataset (r = 0.87). We were able to conclude that a positive significant effect was seen with the model score and yield (adjusted R2 = 0.
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