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e not present at the beginning of epilepsy, this substantial absence of memory complaints at epilepsy onset emphasizes the need for comprehensive neurological and psychological treatment early with the given diagnosis. Treatment should focus on anticonvulsant drug regimens, patients' concerns and convey realistic expectations.Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder in the world. Despite medical and surgical treatment, many individuals continue to have seizures, suggesting adjunctive management strategies are required. Promising effects of daily listening to Mozart K.448 on reducing seizure frequency in individuals with epilepsy have been demonstrated. In our recent randomized control study, we reported the positive effect of daily listening to Mozart K.448 on reducing seizures compared to daily listening to a control piece with an identical power spectrum to the Mozart piece yet devoid of rhythmic structure. Despite the promising effect of listening to Mozart K.448 on reducing seizure in individuals with epilepsy, the mechanism(s) underlying such an effect is largely unknown. In this paper, we specifically review how auditory stimulation alters brain dynamics, in addition to computational approaches to define the structural features of classical music, to then propose a plausible mechanism for the underlying anti-convulsant effects of listening to Mozart K.448. We review the evidence demonstrating that some Mozart pieces in addition to compositions from other composers such as Joplin contain less predictable rhythmic structure in comparison with other composers such as Beethoven. We propose through both entrainment and 1/f resonance mechanisms that listening to musical pieces containing the least predictable rhythmic structure, might reduce the self similarity of brain activity which in turn modulates low frequency power, situating the brain in a more "noise like" state and away from brain dynamics that can lead to seizures.Formation of biomolecular condensates is increasingly recognized as a mechanism employed by cells to deal with stress and to optimize enzymatic reactions. Recent studies have characterized several DNA repair foci as phase-separated condensates, behaving like liquid droplets. Concomitantly, the apparent importance of long non-coding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins for the repair of double-strand breaks has raised many questions about their exact contribution to the repair process. Here we discuss how RNA molecules can participate in condensate formation and how RNA-binding proteins can act as molecular scaffolds. We furthermore summarize our current knowledge about how properties of condensates can influence the choice of repair pathway (homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining) and identify the open questions in this field of emerging importance.
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients may be at increased risk of Covid-19 mortality due to the nature of their disease or underlying conditions.
The information of 12,909 Covid-19 patients who were hospitalized during the last eleven months were collected from the data depository of two referral university hospitals. Eighty-seven of these patients were diagnosed with PD, and thirty-one of these PD patients died because of Covid-19. 2132 other deaths occurred in these centers, related to Covid-19 of non-PD patients. Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, and Principle component analysis were used for statistical analysis.
The mortality among PD patients and other hospitalized patients was 35.6% and 19.8%, respectively, and the difference between the mortality of these two groups was found to be statistically significant (p-value<0.01). The mean age of PD patients who passed away was 77.06±7.46, and it was not significantly different from that of alive PD patients (p-value>0.05). Alzheimer's disease as an underlying condition was more frequent in deceased PD patients in comparison to survived PD patients, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p-value<0.01).
PD patients possess a higher rate of Covid-19 mortality in comparison with other patients hospitalized for Covid-19. PD pathophysiology, advanced age, underlying conditions, and health systems'efficacy may play an essential role in such an outcome.
PD patients possess a higher rate of Covid-19 mortality in comparison with other patients hospitalized for Covid-19. PD pathophysiology, advanced age, underlying conditions, and health systems' efficacy may play an essential role in such an outcome.We investigated whether Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) influences social validation as measured by a Judge-Advisor task. In contrast to healthy controls and patients with their DBS OFF, patients with their stimulation switched on do not experience a gain of confidence after receiving competent advice.Microplastics (MPs) are a concerning environmental pollutant due to their adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, the dose- and size-dependent effects of MPs on toxigenic cyanobacteria have not been extensively studied. Herein, we explored the effects of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) of varying particle sizes and concentrations on the growth and physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that exposure to 1 µm PS-MPs at a concentration of 2-10 mg L-1 significantly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent manner. After 12 days of exposure, high concentrations of 1 µm PS-MPs (≥ 2 mg L-1) increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Following exposure to 5 mg L-1 PS-MPs of different particle sizes, algal growth was inhibited and oxidative stress was induced by 0.5 and 1 µm PS-MPs. At the molecular level, transcription of the atpB gene was generally downregulated in all PS-MPs treatments, while ftsH and fabZ were upregulated. Exposure to PS-MPs also altered the transcription levels of microcystin-related genes (mcyA and mcyH), causing more microcystin to be produced by M. aeruginosa. learn more The results will be useful for understanding the toxicity of MPs toward toxigenic cyanobacteria, and evaluating the ecological risks of MPs in aquatic environments.
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