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This report reviews preclinical and clinical data that collectively point to the importance of ERα in cognition and highlights the need to differentiate the role of estrogen receptors from their classical ligands as we seek approaches to facilitate successful cognitive aging.Introduction The burden of non-motor symptoms (NMS) is a major determinant of health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly at its late stage.Areas covered The late stage is usually defined as the period from unstable advanced to the palliative stage, characterized by a combination of emerging treatment-resistant axial motor symptoms (freezing of gait, postural instability, falls and dysphagia), as well as both non-dopaminergic and dopaminergic NMS cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, aspects of dysautonomia, pain and sleep disturbances (insomnia and excessive day-time sleepiness). Here, the authors summarize the current knowledge on NMS dominating the late stage of PD and propose a pragmatic and clinically focused approach for their recognition and treatment.Expert opinion The NMS progression pattern is complex and remains under-researched. this website While dopamine-dependent NMS may improve with dopamine replacement therapy, non-dopamine dependent NMS worsen progressively and culminate at the late stages of PD. Furthermore, some PD specific features could interact negatively with other comorbidities, multiple medication use and frailty - the evaluation of these aspects is important in the creation of personalized management plans in the late stage of PD.
To compare 2 mg intravitreal triamcinolone (IVT) versus 40 mg posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide (STT) for the treatment of eyes with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema.

A retrospective, single-center review of eyes receiving 2 mg IVT between 3/1/2012-3/1/2017 and 40 mg STT between 1/1/2015-3/1/2017. Visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were recorded at baseline, 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits.

Forty-five eyes were included in the IVT group and 50 eyes in the STT group. Change in VA from baseline to 1, 3, and 6months was not significantly different between IVT and STT (6months 2.3 lines vs. 2.4 lines,
=.10). The IVT group achieved significantly better CMT improvement from baseline compared to STT at 1month (255μm vs. 187μm;
=.03), but this difference was not present at month 3 (214μm vs. 212μm;
=.79) or month 6 (176μm vs. 207μm;
=.29). During the 6-month follow-up period, approximately 7% of eyes in the IVT group and 12% of eyes in the STT group developed ocular hypertension (
=.43), and all cases were successfully managed with topical anti-ocular hypertensive therapy or observation.

2 mg IVT and 40 mg STT both achieved significant improvement in vision and CMT with no significant difference between interventions at 3- and 6-month follow-up.
2 mg IVT and 40 mg STT both achieved significant improvement in vision and CMT with no significant difference between interventions at 3- and 6-month follow-up.Phonetic transcription is an essential skill for a practising speech and language therapist (SLT) required during the assessment, diagnosis and management of clients with speech difficulties. It is vital that appropriate training is received by student SLTs to ensure that they carry out phonetic transcription accurately and reliably once out in the workplace. This study investigates the views and experiences of final year SLT students regarding the training in phonetic transcription they received in university, with the aim to identify what poses difficulties for them and what could be done to enhance their learning. Responses from 40 participants representing one cohort of SLT students, graduates of a particular year, were collected using an online questionnaire. The majority of the respondents consider phonetic transcription an important professional skill and plan on maintaining it after graduating. Learning phonetic transcription was easy/quite easy for 57% of the respondents; however, the confidence in transcription skills was rather low 70% of them reported not being confident and fully equipped to enter the workforce with their transcription skills. The main difficulties were associated with narrow (impressionistic) transcription and transcription of disordered speech. 58% of the respondents found the teaching environment suitable; however, a recurring theme is the need for small-group tutorials during which the lecturers could provide feedback to individual students more efficiently. Participants' responses suggest that more clinically relevant transcription practice of disordered speech, the opportunity to refresh and apply phonetic transcription skills throughout the four-year curriculum and smaller group teaching would benefit their learning and enhance their confidence using transcription on placements and in the workforce.Spinal cord injury results in irreversible tissue damage and permanent sensorimotor impairment. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that improve the life quality of affected individuals is therefore of paramount importance. Cell transplantation is a promising approach for spinal cord injury treatment and the present study assesses the efficacy of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest cells as preclinical cell-based therapy candidates. The differentiated neural crest cells exhibited characteristic molecular signatures and produced a range of biologically active trophic factors that stimulated in vitro neurite outgrowth of rat primary dorsal root ganglia neurons. Transplantation of the neural crest cells into both acute and chronic rat cervical spinal cord injury models promoted remodeling of descending raphespinal projections and contributed to the partial recovery of forelimb motor function. The results achieved in this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest cells warrant further investigation as cell-based therapy candidates for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
No prophylactic treatments for COVID-19 have been clearly proven and found. In this pandemic context, cancer patients constitute a particularly fragile population that would benefit the best from such treatments, a present unmet need. TMPRSS2 is essential for COVID-19 replication cycle and it is under androgen control. Estrogen and androgen receptor dependent cues converge on TMPRSS2 regulation through different mechanisms of action that can be blocked by the use of hormonal therapies. We believe that there is enough body of evidence to foresee a prophylactic use of hormonal therapies against COVID-19 and this hypothesis can be easily tested on cohorts of breast and prostate cancer patients who follow those regimens. In case of pandemic, if the protective effect of hormonal therapies will be proven on cancer patients, the use of specific hormonal therapies could be extended to other oncological groups and to healthy individuals to decrease the overall risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2.
No prophylactic treatments for COVID-19 have been clearly proven and found.
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