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One and joint inhibitory effect of nitrophenols upon triggered gunge.
BACKGROUND Vertebral fracture (VF) is the most common osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women, although most VFs are subclinical. Prevalent VFs are a significant predictor of subsequent fracture and therefore, identification of VF improves the identification of those with high fracture risk. The aim of present study was to systematically review the literature that assessed the prevalence of VF in asymptomatic postmenopausal women, using Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. METHOD Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched between Jan 1st, 2000 and Jan 31st, 2018, for publications in English that reported the prevalence of VFA-detected VF in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. We also searched for reports, conference papers and grey literature. Reviewers screened studies for eligibility and extracted data for included studies. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate the prevalence of VF. The presence of publication bias was assessed us lead to pharmacological treatment in individuals who may not otherwise be treated. BACKGROUND The various arrhythmic manifestations of concealed nodo-fascicular (NF)/nodo-ventricular (NV) bypass tracts (BPT) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To define diagnostic criteria for supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) associated with concealed nodal pathways (NP). METHODS We reviewed 11 patients with concealed NPs who underwent electrophysiologic study and ablation for symptomatic SVT. RESULTS Of 11 patients (64% female, mean age 54 + 16 years), NF/NV BPTs were active bystanders during atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (atypical (n = 4); typical (n =2)) or participants during orthodromic NF/NV reentrant tachycardia (n = 5). The majority (10/11 (91%)) had nodal origin in the slow pathway (SP) and 64% presented as long RP SVT. Ablation of the SP targeting the right (n = 10) or left (n = 1) inferior extension eliminated concealed NP- associated SVT in all patients. CONCLUSIONS Concealed NF/NV BPT are active bystanders equally as common as participants during SVT. They typically insert into the SP and often present as long RP SVT. Slow pathway ablation eliminates concealed NF/NV BPT- associated SVTs regardless of mechanism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the cellular stress-sensing molecule. Apart from maintaining cellular energy balance, AMPK also controls expression and regulation of ion channels and ion transporters, including cytosolic Ca2+ handling proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic impairment plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). AMPK activation is thought to be protective by preventing metabolic stress, favorably modulating membrane electrophysiology including cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics, preventing cellular growth and hypertrophic remodeling. selleckchem This review considers current concepts and evidence from clinical and experimental studies regarding the role of AMPK in AF. Life has persisted for about 3.5 billion years (Gy) despite fluctuating environmental pressures and the aging and mortality of individuals. The disposable soma theory (DST) notoriously contributes to explain this persistence for lineages with a clear soma/germen distinction. Beyond such lineages however, the phylogenetic scope of application of the DST is less obvious. Typically, the DST is not expected to explain the survival of microbial species that comprise single-celled organisms apparently lacking a germen/soma distinction. Here, we present an evolutionary argument that generalizes the explanatory scope of DST to the entire microbial world and provides a novel characterization of the deep molecular and evolutionary roots supporting this expanded disposable soma theory of aging. Specifically, we argue that the germen/soma distinction arose early in evolution and identify DNA semi-conservative replication as a critical process through which two forms of rejuvenation could have evolved in the first microbes. Our hypothesis has fundamental and practical implications. First, whereas unicellular organisms were long thought of as potentially immortal, we suggest instead that all unicellular individuals (prokaryotes or protists alike) are very likely to age, either replicatively or physiologically, or both. Second, our theory introduces a profound reconsideration of microbial individuality, whereby, all microbial individuals, as seen by natural selection, present an obligate transient germen/soma distinction during their life cycles. Third, our work promotes the study of cellular division in prokaryotes and in protist mitosis to illuminate the evolutionary origin of the soma and germen division, traditionally studied in animals. These ideas set the stage for progress in the evolutionary theory of aging from a heretofore overlooked microbial perspective. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (AD), called Miseon, is one of Korea's monotypic endemic species. As a folk remedy, the AD has been used to treat inflammatory disease, stomachaches, diarrhea, and gynecologic disease in Korea. Some researchers have reported that the AD has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. But the protective effect of AD leaf for osteoporosis has not been reported yet. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to analyze the effects and mechanism of AD-ethyl acetate fraction (EA) extract on the osteoporosis, one of the gynecologic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RAW 264.7 cells were used as a model for RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. We measured the TRAcP activity, expressions of NFATc1, c-fos, and MAPK to investigate the effect of AD-EA. OVX-induced osteoporosis rat model was used as menopausal osteoporosis. After both ovaries were removed through a surgical procedure, and AD-EA or 17b-estradiol was orally administered for 8 weeks. BMD of femurs was measured as well as the bone morphometric parameter, such as BV/TV, trabecular thickness, number and surface using a micro CT. RESULTS AD-EA significantly inhibited TRAcP activity, actin ring formation, pit formation and the expressions of osteoclast-related genes in a dose-dependent manner through the inhibition of the MAPK and c-fos/NFATc1 pathway. In addition, low dose administration of AD-EA improved the deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture caused by OVX through the inhibition of bone resorption by TRAcP and CTK. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AD-EA may contribute to the therapy of osteoporosis caused by menopause in women. V.
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