Notes

Fast preoperative hyperglycemia correlates together with issues within non-cardiac operative circumstances.
Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder with an estimated prevalence of 16% in the USA; however, the humanistic and economic burden of CIC is poorly characterized.

This systematic literature review aimed to assess the humanistic and economic burden of CIC in adults in the USA.

Two systematic literature searches of English-language publications on the humanistic and economic burden of CIC in adults in the USA were conducted using electronic databases and other resources. Both searches included the terms "chronic idiopathic constipation" and "functional constipation". Specific terms used in the search on humanistic burden included "quality of life", "SF-36", "SF-12", and "PAC-QOL"; search terms for economic burden included "cost", "resource use", "absenteeism", and "productivity".

Overall, 16 relevant articles were identified. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) appeared to be reduced in patients with CIC compared with controls and the general US population. Abrden of CIC in the USA.
Melasma is a condition of hyperpigmentation of the facial skin that increases in prevalence with ageing. The alleged involvement of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants is the basis of the pathology of melasma. Glutathione is one of the non-enzymatic antioxidants produced by the body and plays a role in melanogenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine serum glutathione levels on the severity of melasma.

This study used a cross-sectional design conducted at the Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, from September to October 2016. Serum glutathione was examined through venous blood with ELISA method, and the severity of melasma was assessed using melasma area severity index (MASI). Independent
-test and ANOVA were used to evaluate differences in plasma glutathione levels based on the characteristics of the sample. Pearson correlation test and linear regression were used to assess the relationship between MASI and plasma glutathione.

This study involved 47 people with a clinical diagnosis of melasma. There was a significant strong negative correlation between plasma glutathione and MASI (p<0.001; r = -0.624). Mild melasma (1.89 ± 0.28 µmol/L) had higher plasma glutathione levels compared to moderate melasma (1.53 ± 0.13 µmol/L) and severe (1.18 ± 0.20 µmol/L) (p=0.043). Linear regression showed a significant negative linear relationship between MASI scores against plasma glutathione (β = -58.2; p <0.01).

Glutathione plasma has a strong negative correlation with the MASI score in person with melasma.
Glutathione plasma has a strong negative correlation with the MASI score in person with melasma.
Autophagy is the main protective mechanism against aging in podocytes, which are terminally differentiated cells that have a very limited capacity for mitosis and self-renewal. Here, a streptozotocin-induced DN C57BL/6 mouse model was used to investigate the effects of puerarin on the modulation of autophagy under conditions associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). In addition, this study aimed to identify the potential underlying molecular mechanisms.

DN C57BL/6 mouse model was induced by streptozotocin (150 mg/kg) injection. The mice were administered rapamycin and puerarin, respectively, daily for up to 8 weeks. After the serum and kidney samples were collected, the fasting blood glucose (FBG), parameters of renal function, histomorphology, and the podocyte functional proteins were analyzed. Moreover, the autophagy markers and the expressions of PERK/ATF4 pathway were studied in kidney. Results found that the FBG level in DN mice was significantly higher than in normal mice. Compared with DNrin in DN mice, particularly in the modulation of autophagy under ERS conditions, which may be associated with activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathway. Therefore, PERK may be a potential target for DN treatment.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular lesion induced by high glucose. STEAP4 is an indispensable membrane protein, which is closely related to hyperglycemic-induced cell inflammation and injury, while STEPT4 has not been studied in hyperglycemic-induced retinal vascular endothelial cell injury.

The expression of STEAP4 was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. CCK-8 was used to detect cell survival. STEAP4 was overexpressed by cell transfection. The expressions of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, ICAM-1, MDA, SOD and ROS were detected by ELISA. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of proteins associated with cell damage VEGF, KLF2, eNOS and apoptosis-related proteins Bax, cleaved caspase3 and Bcl2 were detected by Western blot. BTK inhibitor cell line Finally, the expressions of HIFα and PKM2 were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot.

The expression of STEAP4 in hyperglycemic-induced retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRCECs) decreased gradually. Overexpression of STEAP4 reduced inflammation and apoptosis of HRCECs and improved dysfunction of them. Meanwhile, overexpression of steap4 inhibited the expression of HIF-1α/PKM2 signal.

STEAP4 can be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting HIF1/PKM2 signaling to reduce hyperglycemic-induced retinal cell apoptosis.
STEAP4 can be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting HIF1/PKM2 signaling to reduce hyperglycemic-induced retinal cell apoptosis.
In view of the high rate of obesity and physical inactivity as well as the rising incidence of Type 2 DM among children in the neighboring Gulf countries and Middle East region; the aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prediabetes in Yemeni school-aged children.

In this study, 1402 school children aged 12-13 years old (grade 7) were recruited from public schools in the capital Sana'a during the period April-May 2013. Anthropometric measurements and BP were recorded and BMI was calculated. Fasting venous blood (5 mL) was collected for biochemical analysis including FBG, HbA1c, insulin and lipids profile. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated.

The prevalence of prediabetes (as defined by impaired fasting glucose) and MetS (as classified by the IDF 2007) were 0.86% and 0.5%, respectively. Our results also showed 5.21% and 20.26% of the children to have two or one factor(s) of the MetS criteria fulfilled, respectively, with low HDL-c (17%) being the most prevalent MetS component, followed by metabolic glucose (8%), raised TG (5.
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