Notes

Lung along with intestinal tract microbiota dynamics in the course of Gram-negative pneumonia-derived sepsis.
An increased risk of new caries events was identified for those who were older at baseline and by examination year. On average, the increase per year in decayed and/or filled teeth and in approximal surfaces was 0.23 and 0.12, respectively. CONCLUSION SES was shown to be an important risk factor for dental caries over time in young Swedish people. Prevention programmes should pay particular attention to the needs of socioeconomically vulnerable individuals and groups. © 2020 The Authors. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The primate ventral motor thalamus contains a large number of GABAergic interneurons of poorly understood function and anatomical connectivity. Glutamatergic inputs to these cells arise predominantly from corticothalamic (in both basal ganglia- and cerebellar-receiving ventral motor thalamic territories; BGMT and CBMT, respectively) and cerebellothalamic terminals (in CBMT). In Parkinson's Disease patients and animal models, neuronal activity is abnormal within both BGMT and CBMT. Historically, such motor thalamic dysregulation has been largely attributed to changes in inhibitory tone from the basal ganglia output nuclei, ignoring the potential role of other thalamic inputs in such processes, particularly within the CBMT, which is largely devoid of direct basal ganglia afferents. We have recently reported changes in the abundance and structural morphology of corticothalamic terminals in BGMT of parkinsonian monkeys. In this study, we assessed potential changes in the prevalence of cortical (vesicular glutamate transporter 1-positive, vGluT1-positive) and subcortical (vGluT2-positive) glutamatergic inputs in contact with GABAergic interneurons in BGMT and CBMT of MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. Our findings revealed that interneurons represent a major target of both sets of glutamatergic terminals. In both BGMT and CBMT of control and parkinsonian monkeys, 29-38% of total asymmetric axo-dendritic synapses (putative glutamatergic) were formed by vGluT1-positive terminals and 11-17% of total vGluT1-positive terminals targeted dendrites of GABAergic interneurons. In CBMT, 16-18% of asymmetric synaptic inputs on interneurons involved vGluT2-containing terminals. No major differences in the extent of glutamatergic innervation of thalamic GABAergic interneurons were found between control and parkinsonian monkeys. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND AND AIM The gut microbiota is associated with colorectal lesions in cases of precancer and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are apparent differences in studies on the gut microbiota in the pathogenic sequence from precancer to cancer. Here, we characterize the gut microbiota signatures of colorectal precancer and cancer and test their utility in detecting colorectal lesions in two independent Chinese cohorts. METHODS Stool samples collected from patients with precancer and CRC were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic shotgun sequencing analyses, which revealed the microbial signatures of the two disease stages. RESULTS In comparison with healthy controls, lower microbial richness and diversity were observed in precancer andintensive inter-bacterial associations were found in colorectal cancer. We identified 41 bacteria that showed gradual increases while 12 bacteria showed gradual decreases at the genus level gradually during the development of CRC. Novel CRC-associated pathogenetic species were identified. Species units that contributed to altered microbial functions were identified in CRC patients and healthy controls. The microbial panel showed a comparable ability to fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in detecting CRC. However, the combination of microbes and FIT significantly improved the detection ability and sensitivity of colon lesions based on 18 genera. Microbial network analysis revealed a significant positive correlation among beneficial microbes and a negative correlation in detrimental phenotypes. selleck CONCLUSIONS Microbial dysbiosis was revealed in colorectal lesions. The combination of microbial markers and FIT improved the CRC detection ability, which might assist in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) accumulated during microalgal cultivation have significant application potential in anti-oxidation, pharmaceutical products, etc. Inoculation concentration strongly affects the cultivation cost, biomass and EPS accumulation. In this study, a high-EPS-excreted desert cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus was isolated, and the effects of inoculation concentration on biomass, photosynthetic activity and EPS accumulation were explored. The results showed that the original fluorescence (Fo) provided a good indication to cyanobacterial biomass, when Chl-a concentration was lower than 10 mg L-1 . Inoculation concentration significantly affected cyanobacterial biomass and EPS concentration (P 0.05). The two fractions of EPS, capsular exopolysaccharides (CPS) and released exopolysaccharides (RPS) were strongly affect by inoculation concentration. Other than forming thick sheath (CPS) surrounded the filaments, M. vaginatus excreted higher proportions of RPS to culture medium, and the ratio of RPS to CPS ranged from 1.08 to 1.58 depended on the inoculation concentration. Additionally, although the biomass and EPS accumulation increased with inoculation concentration, the increasing inoculation concentration didn't bring to the proportionate increase of the final biomass and EPS yield. Altogether, comprehensively considering the EPS yield and productivity, inoculation concentration of 0.04 mg Chl-a L-1 is recommended for M. vaginatus to produce EPS, with an EPS yield of 94.32 mg L-1 and EPS productivity of 184.86 mg (mg Chl-a)-1 L-1 d-1 at the end of experiment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Cobalt-doped hybrid materials consisting of metal oxides and carbon derived from chitin were prepared, characterized and tested for industrially relevant nitrile hydrogenations. The optimal catalyst supported onto MgO showed, after pyrolysis at 700 °C, magnesium oxide nanocubes decorated with carbon-enveloped Co nanoparticles. This special structure allows for the selective hydrogenation of diverse and demanding nitriles to the corresponding primary amines under mild conditions (e.g. 70 °C, 20 bar H 2 ). The advantage of this novel catalytic material is showcased for industrially important substrates, including adipodinitrile, picolinonitrile, and fatty acid nitriles. Notably, the developed system outperformed all other tested commercial catalysts, e.g. Raney Nickel and even noble metal based systems in these transformations. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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