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Background Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is malignant neoplasms of myeloid cells categorized by clonal expansion of hematopoietic blasts of myeloid lineage in peripheral blood and bone marrow. The aim of current study is to identify the common cytogenetic abnormalities in AML patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Methods It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the department of Medical oncology of the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi from Jun 2017- Jan 2019. The non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used to select patients. Total 92 cases of AML of age 15-55 years of either gender were included in the study. The detection of cytogenetic abnormality was done on the bone marrow biopsy. The cytogenetic abnormalities were classified into the three cytogenetic risk groups as favourable, intermediate and unfavourable. For analysis of data SPSS 23 version was used. Results The cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in 34 (37%) of the AML patients while 58 (63%) patients had normal cytogenetic. Thirty-two females (34.8%) had a normal cytogenetic (46; XX), and 15 females (16.3%) had various cytogenetic abnormalities. Twenty-six males (28.3%) had normal cytogenetic (46; XY) and 19 males (20.7%) had various cytogenetic abnormalities. find more Most of the patients were in intermediate risk group (67.4%), followed by favourable (17.4%) and unfavourable risk group (15.2%). The most frequent chromosomal abnormalities observed were complex cytogenetic which was detected in 5 AML patients. Conclusions In the present study cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 37% of AML patients. Sixty-seven of the AML patients were in intermediate risk group and five patients had complex cytogenetic. Hence the cytogenetic analysis provides significant information regarding prognosis of AML patients and the cytogenetic abnormalities are less than international literature.Background Autonomic nervous system modulates acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. The purpose of the study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of α1 antagonist (prazosin) and β2 agonist (salbutamol) on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods This experimental study was conducted at Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore in which 50 adult mice were divided in to five groups. With the exception of normal control, hepatotoxicity was induced in all other study groups by giving single intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen 300 mg/ kg. First and second groups served as normal and toxic control were given distilled water 6 ml/ kg while third, fourth and fifth experimental groups were given N-acetylcysteine (300 mg/ kg), prazosin (0.18 mg/ kg) and salbutamol (0.35 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 2,4 and 8 hours after acetaminophen injection. Serum liver enzymes were analysed at 0 and 72 hours while histopathological finding were assessed at the end of study by using SPSS-20. Results All the groups treated with toxic dose of acetaminophen showed significant increase in serum ALT, i.e., B (Toxic control 3372%), C (NAC treated 282%), D (Prazosin treated 582%), E(Salbutamol treated 3297%) and AST levels, i.e., B (Toxic control 2750% ), C (NAC treated 230% ), D (Prazosin treated 280%), E (Salbutamol treated 828%) with p-value ˂0.001. When this increase was compared between groups, the lowest increase in serum ALT and AST levels was observed in Nacetylcysteine and prazosin group with no significant difference. Similarly, experimental animals receiving prazosin and N-acetylcysteine had the lowest inflammation, degeneration and necrosis scores than the toxic control group in histopathological analysis of the liver with p-value less then 0.001. Conclusions The hepatoprotective effect of prazosin is comparable to N- acetylcysteine against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Background The choice of the antipsychotic medication is based upon the risks, benefits and the cost. There has been still a debate that which group of antipsychotics is overall better amongst the two so we planned this study with the objective to compare the efficacy of the 1st & 2nd generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Methods This RCT was conducted at in/out patient department of Psychiatry at a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan over the time period of six months. All the patients of schizophrenia between 18-50 years of age of either gender and all the socioeconomic groups were included in the study. Each patient was assessed with the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) for the EPS and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for the schizophrenia at the baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after starting the designated medication. Results The mean age of the 350 patients included in the study was 34.25±16.74 years. One hundred and forty-eight (42.3%) patients were female and 202 (57.7%) were male. The overall response of 1st Generation & 2nd Generation antipsychotics was 51 (140) 36% and 135 (210) 64% respectively (p-value=0.00024). Sixty-three (45%) patients who were taking 1st Generation Antipsychotics had relapse of the disease as compared to the 29 (13.7%) patients who were taking the 2nd Generation antipsychotics. Dryness of mouth, sedation and EPS were the common side effects with the 1st generation antipsychotics while dryness of mouth, cardiac arrhythmias, and sexual dysfunction were the common side effects with the 2nd generation antipsychotics. Conclusions This study concluded that the 2nd generation antipsychotics were superior to the 1st generation antipsychotics among the patients of schizophrenia in terms of the success rate, relapse rate and the tolerability.Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common clinical condition that is often diagnosed based on a set of clinical criteria. Celiac disease (CD) has a similar symptom. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease (CD) in patients with criteria-positive IBS and compare with healthy control. Methods A Case control study conducted from August 2013 to July 2016. For the control group with negative ROME 3 criteria for IBS provided serum total immunoglobulin (IgA) level and serum tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTG IgA). The case group with positive criteria interviewed, examined, competed ROME 3 questionnaire and provided blood sample for haematology, biochemistry, and serum tTG IgA and IgG. Positive for CD invited for upper endoscopy and duodenal biopsy for evaluation of pathological involvement using the modified Marsh classification. Results Three controls (1.47%) and 21 cases (6.9%) had positive serology for CD. A statistically significant association found between serum tTG positivity and IBS and IBS-diarrhoea subtypes.
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