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Risk of acute myocardial infarction amid new users of chondroitin sulfate: A nested case-control research.
This study revealed the process of polypharmacy in PD treatment objectively. Our results are valuable for maintaining and improving therapeutic adherence in PD. (Received 25 August, 2020; Accepted 23 October, 2020; Published 1 March, 2021).The claustrum is a thin, sheet-like neural structure located beneath the cerebral neocortex, and has reciprocal connections with nearly all neocortical areas. It has been hypothesized to play roles in higher brain functions, such as consciousness, multisensory integration, salience detection, and attentional load allocation. However, its roles in brain physiology have not been precisely elucidated, as only a few experimental studies on claustrum function exist. We established a transgenic mouse line expressing Cre recombinase specifically in a population of claustral excitatory neurons that received inputs from and sent outputs to widespread neocortical areas. The claustral neuronal firing was mostly correlated with the cortical slow-wave activity. In vitro optogenetic stimulation of the claustrum induced excitatory postsynaptic responses in most of the neocortical neurons, however, action potentials were primarily elicited in the inhibitory interneurons. In vivo optogenetic stimulation induced a synchronized Down-state featuring prolonged silencing of neural activity in all layers across widespread cortical areas, followed by Down-to-Up state transition. Ponatinib In contrast, genetic ablation of the claustral neurons led to an attenuation of slow-wave activity in the frontal cortex. These results indicate a crucial role of the claustum in synchronizing inhibitory interneurons across the wide cortical areas for spatiotemporal coordination of slow-wave activity.Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is a rare speech disorder characterized by the emergence of a foreign accent. To date, more than a hundred cases of FAS have been reported, and the impression of accent change is regarded to be the result of a combination of segmental deficits (i.e., phonetic distortions and phonemic paraphasias) and supra-segmental changes (i.e., stress, pitch, or rhythm variation). The most common etiology of FAS is stroke, followed by other causes. Various lesion locations have been identified to cause FAS. Owing to various heterogeneous etiologies and lesion locations, it remains controversial whether there is enough consistency or universality to treat FAS as a "syndrome".Language mapping is commonly practiced in brain tumors and epilepsy surgeries. It is done by direct electrical stimulation of the brain during awake craniotomy or by placing subdural electrodes on the brain's surface, or both. Studies of the language mapping in bi- or multi-lingual patients have concluded that they have both "language-specific areas," in which symptoms are evoked upon stimulation in one specific language and not in the other languages, and "common areas" or "overlapping areas," in which positive findings are evoked in all languages evaluated. The distribution of the pattern of language areas associated with each language, however, varies widely from patient to patient due to multiple factors such as the age of language acquisition, the language proficiency level, the amount of exposure to each language, the location of the lesions, the duration of the diseases, and other factors. Language mapping in bi- or multi-lingual patients should be done by screening all languages the patient speaks.Multilingual aphasia is synonymous with polyglot aphasia and is often indistinguishable from bilingual aphasia. Multilingual aphasia, including bilingual aphasia, has been of interest from the perspectives of impairment and recovery patterns in each language, factors involved in recovery, and variations in cerebral lateralization of language function in each language. Early premorbid language proficiency and language use have been shown to play a crucial role in the manifestation of bilingual aphasia. Paradis (1989) classified the recovery pattern from bilingual aphasia into nine patterns and demonstrated that multiple variables, including age of language acquisition and language proficiency are involved in multiple dimensions. Previous studies on crossed aphasia have suggested the involvement of the right hemisphere in the cerebral lateralization of language function. However, a subsequent meta-analysis demonstrated that early bilingual individuals who acquired both languages by the age of 6 years had a bilateral organization of both languages. In contrast, late bilingual and monolingual individuals who acquired a second language after the age of 6 years had the lateralization of language function in the left hemisphere for both languages.Our studies in Brazil and Taiwan revealed that the prevalence of dementia was independent of environment, culture, and use of multilingualism. However, language deterioration in dementia was found to be related to its frequency of use and the environment, and both language, and deterioration were asymmetric. Although the cognitive reserve and protective effect of multilingualism on dementia were shown, the decline in language function was found to be related to psychiatric symptoms of dementia, delusions, and depression which were relieved by providing a reliable language environment. It was suggested that language function evaluation should be considered for dementia care.It has been well recognized that patients with comparable dementia severity may show different levels of brain pathology. This is commonly explained by cognitive or brain reserve theory patients with more reserve can tolerate more severe brain pathologies because the reserve can compensate for the neuropathological processes. Various life experiences contribute to the reserve, one of which may be multilingualism. Multilinguals need to select the appropriate language for a conversational partner and to keep other languages inactivated. Such experiences reinforce the multilingual executive functions, and change neuroanatomical and neurophysiological features of the brain, which some researchers propose can serve as a reserve and prevent dementia. The earliest such report was Bialystok et al.'s (2007) paper, which demonstrated multilinguals showing signs of dementia approximately four years later than monolinguals. This finding seemed to support the hypothesis of multilingualism as a reserve, and was followed by many other reports testing the same.
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