Notes

Characteristics of history-dependent perceptual view.
472 [0.483-4.486]; p=0.496), and two meta-analyses, including four studies, were performed to evaluate the effect sizes of the associations between clinical pathways with satisfaction (OR=2.226 [0.868-5.708]; p=0.096) and length of stay (OR=0,585 [0.349-0.982]; p=0.042). Reduced length of stay appeared to be associated with clinical pathways, while it remains unclear whether adopting clinical pathways could improve levels of quality of life and satisfaction. More primary research is required to determine in specific populations the efficacy of clinical pathways on patient-related outcomes.According to Barker's hypothesis, sub-optimal conditions during gestation might affect the predisposition for diseases in adulthood. Alteration in endocrine functions during pregnancy, such us thyroid function or glucose metabolism, are not exempt. It is well known that subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroperoxidase antibodies-positive euthyroidism during early pregnancy are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and both conditions influence pregnancy outcome and newborn development and metabolism at short and long terms. Fetal production of thyroid hormones starts from the 12th week of gestational age. The transplacental passage of maternal thyroxine (T4) is therefore essential for the fetal neurological development, especially during the first half of pregnancy. If this passage is interrupted, such as in premature birth, neonates are more susceptible to develop impaired thyroid function, because of physiological immaturity of their hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, acute illnesses and stressful events (sepsis, invasive procedures, drugs). The aim of this review is to investigate the short and long term effects of maternal dysthyroidisms on term and preterm newborns, with particular attention to the metabolic and thyroid consequences. Metabolic syndrome, higher body mass index and greater waist circumference, seem to be more prevalent in children of TPO-Ab-positive mothers. Maternal hypothyroidism may be associated with higher risk of gestational diabetes and adverse birth outcomes, such as preeclampsia, preterm delivery, fetal death and low birth weight offspring. In adulthood, preterm ( less then 37 weeks of gestational age) or low birth weight ( less then 2.500 g) newborns seem to be more susceptible to develop gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and behavioral alterations.Human rabies disease is caused by Rabies Lyssavirus, a virus belonging to Rhabdoviridae family. The more frequent means of contagion is through bites of infected mammals (especially dogs, but also bats, skunks, foxes, raccoons and wolves) which, lacerating the skin, directly inoculate virus-laden saliva into the underlying tissues. Immediately after inoculation, the Rabies virus enters neural axons and migrates along peripheral nerves towards the central nervous system, where it preferentially localizes and injuries neurons of brainstem, thalamus, basal ganglia and spinal cord. After an initial prodromic period, the infection evolves towards two distinct clinical entities, encompassing encephalitic (i.e., "furious"; ~70-80% of cases) and paralytic (i.e., "dumb"; ~20-30% of cases) rabies disease. The former subtype is characterized by fever, hyperactivity, hydrophobia, hypersalivation, deteriorated consciousness, phobic or inspiratory spasms, autonomic stimulation, irritability, up to aggressive behaviours. The current worldwide incidence and mortality of rabies disease are estimated at 0.175×100,000 and 0.153×100,000, respectively. The incidence is higher in Africa and South-East Asia, nearly double in men than in women, with a higher peak in childhood. Mortality remains as high as ~90%. Since patients with encephalitic rabies remind the traditional image of "Zombies", we need to think out-of-the-box, in that apocalyptic epidemics of mutated Rabies virus may be seen as an imaginable menace for mankind. This would be theoretically possible by either natural or artificial virus engineering, producing viral strains characterized by facilitated human-to-human transmission, faster incubation, enhanced neurotoxicity and predisposition towards developing highly aggressive behaviours.On March 11, 2019 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, as a pandemic. As of 15/01/2021, more than ninety million cases of infections have been confirmed, with almost two million related deaths. selleck inhibitor SARS-CoV-2 causes bilateral interstitial pneumonia, which can responsible of respiratory failure in the most severe cases, but the virus has also a wide range of other manifestations, including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, and cutaneous signs and symptoms. Cutaneous manifestations are an important matter of study for allergy specialists, as they can be specific signs of the infection, but also manifestations of adverse reactions to the medical therapy in use. In this case series, we report four different cases of dermatological manifestations in COVID patients, two in hospitalised patients and two in patients with mild disease, treated at home. The first case reported is a woman, who develops urticaria while being treated at home with mild COVID-infection; the second and the third one case reported are drug- hypersensivity reaction to remdesevir and low molecular weight heparin. The last case reported is a man with mild covid with vasculitic sacral lesions. Key words COVID pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, dermatological manifestation in covid infections, remdesevir hypersensitivity, covid and urticaria, covid and vasculitic lesions.This communication refers to the retractions of the two high profile COVID-19 papers of the top medical journals when the data analytics company declined to share the raw data of the papers. In this commentary, we emphasize that it is very pertinent for the journals to mandatorily ask the authors for sharing of the primary data. This will ensure data integrity and transparency of the research findings, and help in negating the publication frauds.N/A.Letter to the editor.
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