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Coral Ecotoxicological Data Assessment for the Environmental Protection Assessment regarding Uv Filtration.
To ensure that private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs deliver to their full potential, effective and efficient systems for training, accreditation, monitoring and audit are essential. This article draws on data from published OIE Performance of Veterinary Services evaluations (from 2007 to the present) and unpublished responses to the OIE 2017 questionnaire on PPPs, to draw insights into the use and accreditation of private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs globally.World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have developed a framework of rules and guidance for veterinary control, inspection and approval procedures for international trade in animals and animal products. The core of this guidance can be found in Article 8 and Annex C of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), which help Members to achieve the twin objectives of ensuring animal health and facilitating safe trade through their detailed disciplines. The issue of veterinary control, inspection and approval procedures frequently surfaces on the agenda of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures when Members discuss trade concerns or decide to explore this topic in periodic reviews of the SPS Agreement. The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (2017), which was crafted to further expedite the movement and clearance of goods, brought additional structure to the design and operation of border procedures, including veterinary control procedures. The entry into force of the Trade Facilitation Agreement also increased, in many cases, the visibility and resources allocated to the operation of border controls, including international assistance. These processes provide further opportunities to enhance the profile of veterinary and other SPS agencies besides that of Customs, and to improve coordination among these various agencies and organisations.International trade in animals and animal products results in economic, social and scientific benefits. The risk of the transmission of diseases that affect both animal and human health through the movement of animals and animal products can be controlled by import health requirements. buy Tivantinib The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is recognised by the World Trade Organization as the standard-setting body for international animal health standards covering the safe trade of animals and animal products. To ensure the safe trade of animals and animal products, without unnecessary restrictions, countries should harmonise their import health requirements with OIE standards. Governments should refer to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Aquatic Animal Health Code, Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, and Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals, standards that have been robustly developed to account for countries' differences in animal health status. Nevertheless, any determination of equivalence or requirement to achieve a higher level of protection should be based on risk analysis. Even though the use of OIE standards in veterinary certificates has benefits, there are several challenges that countries may encounter, such as legislative processes or inter-agency controls slowing down the flexibility of adopting import standards. Some countries may also encounter difficulties in meeting the standards due to operational practicalities. Although private standards have not been significantly involved in regulating animal health, this may present challenges to the universality and fairness of international standards in the future. Lastly, it is important to stay up to date with technology, such as electronic certification, that enhances the certification system for international trade to ensure the authenticity and efficiency of certification.Trade in livestock and livestock products can bring about great benefits, but also substantial risk to animal and human health with high economic, social and environmental impacts. Livestock products are also especially vulnerable to food fraud. In order to mitigate risk and prevent fraud, most animal trade requires health certification by a competent authority, backed by systems and processes that create trust and confidence in importers. Among Veterinary Services which have undergone a structured assessment of performance, most find the need to improve their authority and/or capability for health certificates and for transparent disease reporting. Health certification is trusted when it is legal, carried out by an adequately performing authority, implemented by competent persons, supported by technical evidence, and validated by third parties and when the process is transparent, predictable and free from conflict of interest. The large and growing trade in animals and their products is a testimony to the effectiveness of the current process and the trust of importers. Nonetheless, there is considerable scope for further improvement especially by improving the legal framework, building capacity of Veterinary Services, increasing trust in signing authorities, validating the certification process, and making the process of certification more efficient and predictable.Veterinary certificates have been an integral component of animal and animal product trade for many years. These certificates are agreed to by trading partners during bilateral or multilateral negotiations on the trade of animals and animal products, and provide assurance that goods are free from specific diseases. Many countries seek to implement or adopt a more streamlined and secure method of information exchange, with some implementing the electronic exchange of certificates for cross-border trade. Such an exchange of data has many advantages over its paper counterpart, including a streamlined business process, better accessibility to information (particularly in advance of shipment arrival) and the reduction of fraudulent certificates. Although there are some challenges related to this initiative and important considerations to be taken into account for its implementation, many countries are becoming aware of its efficiencies, leading to more productive and mutually beneficial trading-partner relationships.
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