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Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common cause of dementia, but atrophy is mild compared to Alzheimer's disease. We propose that DLB is associated instead with severe synaptic loss, and we test this hypothesis in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of
C-UCB-J, a ligand for presynaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), a vesicle membrane protein ubiquitously expressed in synapses.

We performed
C-UCB-J PET in two DLB patients (an amyloid-negative male and an amyloid-positive female in their 70s) and 10 similarly aged healthy controls. The DLB subjects also underwent PET imaging of amyloid (
C-PiB) and tau (
F-AV-1451).
C-UCB-J binding was quantified using non-displaceable binding potential (BP
) determined from dynamic imaging. Changes in
C-UCB-J binding were correlated with MRI regional brain volume,
C-PiB uptake and
F-AV-1451 binding.

Compared to controls, both patients had decreased
C-UCB-J binding, especially in parietal and occipital regions (FDR-corrected
< 0.05). There were no significant correlations across regions between
C-UCB-J binding and grey matter, tau (
F-AV1451) or amyloid (
C-PiB) in either patient.

Quantitative imaging of in vivo synaptic density in DLB is a promising approach to understanding the mechanisms of DLB, over and above changes in grey matter volume and concurrent amyloid/tau deposition.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41824-020-00093-9.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41824-020-00093-9.MRI is a popular noninvasive method for the assessment of liver fat content. After MRI scan acquisition, there is currently no standardized image analysis procedure for the most accurate estimate of liver fat content. We determined intraindividual reliability of MRI-based liver fat measurement using 10 different MRI slice analysis methods in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals who underwent 2 same-day abdominal MRI scans. We also compared the agreement in liver fat content between analytical methods and assessed the variability in fat content across the entire liver. Our results indicate that liver fat content varies across the liver, with some slices averaging 54% lower and others 75% higher fat content than the mean of all slices (gold standard). Our data suggest that the entire liver should be contoured on at least every 10th slice to achieve close agreement with the gold standard.
Orogastric tube feeding is frequently prescribed for neonates who cannot ingest food normally. In a piglet model of the neonate, greater skeletal muscle growth is sustained by upregulation of translation initiation signaling when nutrition is delivered by intermittent bolus meals, rather than continuously.

The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of feeding frequency on organ growth and the mechanism by which feeding frequency modulates protein anabolism in these organs.

Eighteen neonatal pigs were fed by gastrostomy tube the same amount of a sow milk replacer either by continuous infusion (CON) or on an intermittent bolus schedule (INT). After 21 d of feeding, the pigs were killed without interruption of feeding (CON;
=6) or immediately before (INT-0;
=6) or 60min after (INT-60;
=6) a meal, and fractional protein synthesis rates and activation indexes of signaling pathways that regulate translation initiation were measured in the heart, jejunum, ileum, kidneys, and liverwth and that in the ileum and liver, intermittent feeding enhances protein synthesis by stimulating translation initiation.
We previously reported that inorganic iodine therapy in lactating women with Graves disease (GD) did not affect the thyroid function in 25 of 26 infants despite their exposure to excess iodine via breast milk.

To further assess thyroid function in infants nursed by mothers with GD treated with inorganic iodine.

Case series.

Tajiri Thyroid Clinic, Japan.

One hundred infants of lactating mothers with GD treated with potassium iodide (KI) for thyrotoxicosis.

Infant blood thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were measured by the filter paper method. selleck compound Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as TSH ≥10 μIU/mL and ≥5 μIU/mL in infants aged <6 and ≥6 months, respectively.

Overall, 210 blood samples were obtained from 100 infants. The median infant age was 5 (range, 0-23) months; median maternal KI dose, 50 (4-100) mg/day; median blood TSH level, 2.7 (0.1-12.3) μIU/mL; and median blood FT4 level, 1.04 (0.58-1.94) ng/dL. Blood TSH level was normal in 88/100 infants. Twelve infants had subclinical hypothyroidism; among them, blood TSH levels normalized after maternal KI withdrawal or stopping breastfeeding in 3 infants. In 7 infants, blood TSH levels normalized during KI administration without stopping breastfeeding. Two infants could not be followed up.

In Japan, inorganic iodine therapy for lactating women with GD did not affect thyroid function in most of the infants. Approximately 10% of infants had mild subclinical hypothyroidism, but blood TSH level normalized during continued or after discontinuing iodine exposure in all followed up infants.
In Japan, inorganic iodine therapy for lactating women with GD did not affect thyroid function in most of the infants. Approximately 10% of infants had mild subclinical hypothyroidism, but blood TSH level normalized during continued or after discontinuing iodine exposure in all followed up infants.Insulinomas are rare, and even rarer in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Clear criteria for the biochemical diagnosis of insulinomas in patients with renal failure have not been established, and hypoglycemia is often attributed to the renal disease itself, frequently leading to a delay in diagnosis. We describe a case of a patient who presented with asymptomatic recurrent hypoglycemia during hemodialysis. Disease progression and biochemical testing strongly suggested an insulinoma. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis, 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy and endoscopic ultrasound did not localize a pancreatic tumor. A calcium stimulation test was performed while the patient was taking diazoxide due to severe hypoglycemia with fasting for a couple of hours without treatment. The test showed a marked increase in insulin after calcium infusion in the dorsal pancreatic artery, localizing the tumor to the body and tail of the gland. Exploratory surgery easily identified a tumor at the body of the pancreas and pathology confirmed an insulin-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
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