Notes

modify: to add a description to another word
part of speech: a category of words that has a certain role or function in a sentence
phrase: a group of words that expresses an idea and performs a certain role or function in a sentence
preposition : a word that comes before a noun or pronoun and gives some information about time or place; can also introduce an object
Word are categorized according to eight parts of speech, which explain a word's purpose or usage.

Nouns and proper nouns
Nouns are people, places, things, or ideas.
Examples: brother, city, Florida, house, happiness, George​

Verb
Verbs shows actions or states of being
Examples: go, work, be, is, seem, appear, know
Jill knows
Modifiers are words that tell more information about a noun or a verb.
adjectives
.Adjectives describe or modify noun. They tell "what kind" or "how many".
.Examples: happy, tired, green,colorful,five

Adverbs
.Adverbs modify verb, adjectives, and other adverbs. They tell "how" or "when."
Examples: quickly, happily,very,late
Ran- Verb
Susan- Proper noun
Girl- Noun
Curvy- Adjective
Quickly- Adverb
Articles and demonstrative adjective
.Articles and demonstrative adjectives specify nouns.
.Examples of articles: the,a,an
Examples of demonstrative adjectives: this,that,these,those
​
Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns.
Examples: I,you,them,we,he,him,she,her
​
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses.
Examples:and, but, for, or, nor,yet,so
Prepositions are functional words that show location, direction or time.
Prepositions include words like:
to
of
under
for
at

Examples:
I saw the on the table
Take that book to the library
We will arrive at seven o'clock
Select the preposition that best completes each sentence.
Juan left his wallet on top of the dresser.
Lorna fell asleep during the television show and missed the ending
Sheryl's house is near the park, so we can walk from there.
Amelia sat between Lucas and Vivian.
.Location
Makiko will stay until three o’clock.
.Time
I left my jacket at school.
.Location
down
down [daun]
[from Middle English, from Old English dune or dun "hill"]
(adverb) toward or in a lower physical position
(verb) a) bring down, or b) consume
(noun) the soft feathers of a bird
(adjective) a) occupying a low position, or b) depressed

The word down can be used as different parts of speech
Put down your pencils
I downed a waffle and ran to catch the bus
His warm jacket is filled with down
I've been feeling down since my best friend moved away
“I object to your tone of voice.”
.verb
Noun
sympathy
competition
symbol
argument
offensiveness
Verb
sympathy
compete
symbolize
argue
offend
Adjective
sympathetic
competitive
symbolic
argumentative
offensive
Adverb
sympathetically
competitive
symbolically
argumentatively
offensively
Predictable- adjective
predict- verb
prediction-noun
predictably-adverb
Noun
imagination
agreement
Adjective
agreeable
imaginary
Verb
imagine
agree
A sentence is composed of two parts: a subject and a predicate
The subject is the person or thing that the sentence is about
The predicate gives information about the subject and always contains a verb
Examples:
The cat jumped onto the bed
My little sister likes to draw pictures
A phrase:
is a group of words that work together to express an idea and perform a certain function in a sentence
can function as a noun, an adjective, a verb, or an adverb
contains a head word (the word that determine the function of the phrase), plus any words that modify the head word.

Example:
The buzzing bee that flew past startled me
The buzzing bee startled me.
The bee startled me
The tiny white kitten curled up in its basket.
“The tiny white kitten” is a phrase that serves as the subject of the sentence.
The head word of the phrase is the word "kitten."
All of the other words in the phrase modify the head word
A sentence must have at least one noun phrase (the subject) and one verb phrase (the predicate)
Noun phrases as subjects
The angry dog barked
the cat stopped running

Noun phrases as objects
The cat chased the angry dog
Then, the angry dog chased the cat
Verb phrase as action words
A verb phrase may consist of only those words that describe the action of the sentence
My little sister was swimming
I am reading
Verb phrase as the entire predicate
A verb phrase may also be the entire predicate of the sentence: the main verb plus the object or prepositional phrase.
John kicked the ball
Pat left during intermission
Noun Phrase:
the angry cat
My cat
The frightened mouse
Verb Phrase​:
hid under the rug
chased the mouse
stalked off
An adjectival phrase, or adjective phrase, is a phrase that acts like an adjective. Adjectival phrase modify nouns or pronouns

Adjectival phrases are formed in many different ways
The boy bounced a small red ball
I saw a very large elephant
Parents angry about the tuition spoke to the president of college
The truck driving past my house is speeding
Camping can be fun. We sat around a bright orange campfire and toasted marshmallows. The marshmallows dripping off the sticks tasted delicious. We stayed up late and told scary stories until bedtime. The animals howling and crying in the dark frightened us. Then, we found out it was just my incredibly obnoxious and immature brother making the noises
Which phrases from the passage are adjectival phrases?
bright orange​
dripping off the sticks
howling and crying in the dark
incredibly obnoxious and immature
A prepositional phrase includes:
a preposition
the object of the preposition (a noun or pronoun)
any additional modifiers

Examples:
We walked to the store
Put that bowl on the metal table.
She ran up the hill near her house
An adverbial phrase is a phrase that acts like an adverb.

Adverbial phrase:
modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs
answer questions like "where?," "when?," and "how?"
can be made up of more than one adverb
can be prepositional phrases
can be comparatives

Examples:
Don't read your speech too quickly.
Speak your words clearly and loudly
Look up at the audience when speaking
Students who practice speak more confidently than others
Identify the adverbial phrase in each sentence.
.The students in class could see the dark clouds through the window.
- through the window
.For a minute and a half, the alarm bell was ringing.
-for a minute and a half
.Javier’s uncle lifts weights every single morning.
-every single morning
Distinguish between and manipulate parts of speech
Identify different kinds of phrase
Determine how phrase work as parts of speech
Practice using parts of speech and phrases
How do words and phrases work together to convey ideas?
Different words do different jobs in a sentence
Nouns can be subjects or objects
Verb provides the action or state of being
Adjectives describe noun; adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

A phrase, or group of words, can operate as any single part of speech
Prepositional phrases often give information about location, direction, or time
Sentences are built from different types of phrases.
As you complete the assignment, remember to:
look for parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
consider how a sentence is structured and how parts of speech work together.
think about phrases that function as parts of speech, such as noun phrases, adjectival phrases, and adverbial phrases.
Identify the part of speech of the italicized word in each sentence.
We waited impatiently for the concert to begin.
.adverb
Jackson is going to the library after school.
.noun
Darla rides the bus to school in the morning.
.verb
Is that a new haircut, Nisha?
.adjective
Identify the part of speech of the italicized word in each sentence
.Sheila’s mother can drive us to the mall.
- pronoun
That song is stuck in my head.
- preposition
.The teacher handed the math test back today.
- article
analyze
an al yze [AN il ahyz]
(verb) to examine closely
analysis
a nal y sis [uh NAL uh sis]
(noun) the process of studying something closely
analyzable
an al yz able [AN il AHYZ ible]
(adjective) able to be studied

The scientists will analyze the chemical
The lab determined that the compound was analyzable
The final analysis surprised everyone.
We hid Lola’s birthday present under the bed.
.prepositional phrase
The runner leading the pack is our friend Kirsten.
.noun phrase
The construction workers are building a new house.
.verb phrase
Katya makes delicious corn bread. The smells wafting from the oven are incredible. When she is making corn bread for breakfast, everyone wakes up ready to eat. The first bite melting in your mouth tastes so good. I love that warm and cozy feeling you get from a hot breakfast.
Which phrases in the passage are adjectival phrases?
wafting from the oven
melting in your mouth
warm and cozy
After the starting pistol sounded, the runners took off quickly but cautiously. The track was still a little slick from an overnight rain. The maintenance crew had put a tarp over the surface. Finally, the warm and shining sun came out. The runners sped around the track.
Which phrases in the passage are adverbial phrases?
quickly but cautiously
from an overnight rain
over the surface
around the track
Noun Phrase: The little girl went to the store with her older brother.
Prepositional Phrase: The French tourists waited at the bus stop on the corner.
Adjectival Phrase: The new movie playing in town is supposed to be good.
Adverbial Phrase: The speech on safety was given at the school by the fire department.
What is the purpose of the noun phrase in the sentence?
The little blue car had a ticket on the windshield.
.It is the subject of the sentence.
What is the purpose of the verb phrase in the sentence?
You are invited to stay for dinner.
.It is the predicate of the sentence.
What is the purpose of the adjectival phrase in the sentence?
We’re a little tired of the rain coming down in buckets.
.It is a modifier in the sentence.
“Under the bridge” is a prepositional phrase that functions as an adverbial phrase.
“More vigorously than Nico” modifies the word “ paddled.”
“More vigorously than Nico” is an example of a(n) comparative adverbial phrase.
A verbal is a verb form that functions as another part of speech, such as a noun, adverb, or adjective.
Infinitives, gerunds, and participles are different kinds of verbals
Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
Gerunds are verbs that can be used as nouns
Participles are verbs that can be used as adjectives or adverbs
An infinitive is the word to plus a verb stem.
Infinitives
Infinitives as noun: To act in a movies is my secret dream
Infinitives as adjective: That gave him something to think about
Infinitives as adverbs: Mom is knitting to pass the time
Not infinitives​
I walk to the park when the weather us nice
To whom it may concern:
A gerund:
is a verbal that functions as a noun.
is formed by adding-ing to a verb stem.
can go anywhere in a sentence in a sentence that a noun can go
can be the subject of a sentence
can be a direct object
can be the object of a preposition
​
Examples:
Talking during the movie isn't allowed. subject
I don't mind raking the lawn. object
Cindy will help with the cleaning later. object
Participles function as adjectives because they modify nouns and pronouns.
Present participles
Freezing cold
Disappearing ink
Smiling face
Past participles
Tired eyes
Spoken word
Stained shirt
Not participles
I am having fun
She changed clothes
He has given gifts
Which sentences contain an infinitive?
I’m working to save up for some new music.
Denise likes to get her exercise by dancing.
Dave has to walk the dog every morning.
Which sentences contain a gerund?
Working out always makes me hungry.
Playing is all the cat does.
Dad scolded Miriam for skipping her chores.
No one likes my cooking.
Glittering jewelry always catches my eye. If I am shopping and I spot a sparkling necklace, I check to see how much it costs. By saving my allowance, I can often buy new costume jewelry. Once I even found a beautiful engraved bracelet at a yard sale. I was thrilled!
"sparkling" is a present participle
"shopping" functions as a verb, not as a present participle
In the passage, the word engraved is an example of a present participle
Nancy always dreamed of flying.
.gerund
Harold is making dinner.
.verb
Dale’s got a lingering cold.
.participle
Shouting for your team is part of the fun.
.gerund
Type the infinitive form of the verb in the space provided.
Debbie loved watching the skaters glide around the rink.
.to watch