Notes

EXP AND PROD PRODUCTION Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Government of India Ministry of Petroleum And Natural Gas
Focusing on employment of foreign workers within agriculture, in recent years there has been a shift from EU workers to non-EU workers, as shown in Table 1.3. This decline in the number of EU nationalsis not limited to seasonal workers, and applies to all EU born workers within agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The fall in EU workers is offset by a relative rise in the number of non-EU and UK nationals working within the sector. Looking at seasonal workers specifically, based on a survey of growers, the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra) estimated that in 2022, 87% of seasonal workers not recruited through the visa were EU settled status workers, with this falling to 79% in 2023.
RELEASE TABLES
Figure 3.6 shows the average wages in the top 6 countries of origin for seasonal workers on the visa (in 2023), alongside the guaranteed minimum earnings for undertaking seasonal work in the UK, demonstrating the clear financial incentives to the scheme. Further, as we discuss in Chapter 5, many Seasonal Workers will earn above the minimum due both to working over the minimum mandated hours and incentives such as picking bonuses. Several CfE responses suggested that some workers could earn upwards of £17 per hour, and around £700 a week.
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Horticulture is currently by far the most labour-intensive sector within farming and uses the most casual labour, with 5.8 regular workers and 3.9 casual workers per farm. It is therefore not surprising that the SWV is mainly targeted at the horticultural sector. However, this labour requirement is not fixed, and it is possible this could be reduced with additional automation within horticulture, something discussed in more detail later. Nigeria has suffered from chronic revenue dip and its heavy reliance on crude oil exports for revenue, makes crude oil production metric an important indicator of its performance. On a monthly basis, Nigeria’s crude oil production recorded a dip from the 44 million barrels produced in January, 2024.


The Seasonal Worker Visa that seasonal workers apply for when wanting to participate in the SWS. We may expect that workers will to some extent become more informed if source countriesstabilise, but even if this does happen, we recommend that information covering employment rights and responsibilities be reissued both at recruitment and arrival in the workers own language. In New Zealand’sreview of the RSE policy, a recommendation was made that employers should cover this cost.
For example, some workers came to the UK expecting to do a specific job such as picking fruit inside in a greenhouse, but instead were picking cabbages outdoors or pruning. As we set out in Chapter 2, the ‘cooling off’ period on the SWS requires workers to leave the country for a minimum of 6 months. However, in practice returnees are very important to scheme operators and employers (as we discuss in Chapter 4). However, in practice scheme providers may make other language rules – for example, that Seasonal Workers being recruited from Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistanand Tajikistan) should be able to speak Russian, whether or not this is actually their first language. Wage differentials with poorer source countries can also make seasonal agricultural work in the UK an attractive and sometimes lucrative proposition for workers from overseas.
Currently it appears from employer evidence that workers with EUSS settled/pre-settled status who have progressed from junior positions are filling the majority of supervisory/managerial positions, both year-round and as seasonal support, however, this is a declining source of labour. Recent changes to the salary thresholds on the Skilled Worker (SW) visa may increase the difficulty of bridging the gap between the moreentry-level Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) 1-2 roles covered by the SWS and RQF3 roles on the SW route, worsening this gap in middle management. Hours may be pro-rated over the pay period if workers are paid on a monthly or fortnightly basis rather than weekly. Workers must receive pay between placements where they are not employed by a single employer for the duration of their visa, and it is the scheme operator’s duty to ensure that any gaps in employment remain paid. This situation was recently clarified by the Home Office, prior to which scheme operators had interpreted the 32-hour per week requirement as applying only to the time workers were actually with producers on site. Table 2.1 shows that most workers responding to the 2022 Defra Seasonal Worker survey self-reported working for at least 32 hours on average.
What really matters is the knowledge of your industry and ability to convert the text into the target language accurately and with careful attention to details. In March 2020, crude oil prices decreased because of the sudden drop in petroleum demand that resulted from the global response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The declining prices led crude oil operators to shut in wells and limit the number of wells brought online, lowering the output for the major oil-producing regions. In May, U.S. crude oil production reached its lowest average monthly volume for the year at 10.0 million b/d. This is because our basins typically produce light sweet oils, which need to be blended with other heavier crude oils to produce refined fuel products.
However, enforcement must also be more proactive, inspectors should have the power to fast-track cases of non-compliance with existing labour laws to the relevant bodies. Results of reports must be shared quickly to enable prompt action, and penalties for non-compliance should also be raised. There are minimum standards that we expect to be in place, with security of wellbeing for workers ensured so that their immigration status is independent of any complaint. We have also given consideration to a minimum number of weeks salary, as this could help ensure that workers are not left out of pocket. We recommend a minimum of 2 months’ pay as an additional protection to cover the costs currently borne by workers in coming to the UK such as visas and flights, with an exemption where there are extenuating circumstances (for example, dismissal for poor performance).
As there are significant volumes of LPG produced from the North West Shelf project in the Northern Carnarvon Basin, the LPG estimates are less than actual LPG reserves and contingent resources. Aggregating Australia’s 2P reserves and 2C contingent resources gives a total of 1,421 PJ (338 MMbbl) of identified LPG resources. Based on 2019 production rates of 44 PJ (10 MMbbl), Australia’s identified LPG resources would have a life of 32 years if all identified contingencies to development are mitigated. Global Language Solution Australia has significant undiscovered unconventional oil resources potential, including shale oil, tight oil, basin centred oil and oil shale. Reserves are commercially recoverable amounts of petroleum that remain in known accumulations, of which 2P reserves are the best estimate (the sum of Proved plus Probable Reserves).
Global observed inventories were up in May for the fourth month in a row, reaching their highest level since August 2021. Offshore inventories moved ashore at a brisk pace, with oil on water down sharply, while on land stocks rose to a 30-month high ahead of the seasonal uptick in refinery activity. OECD industry stocks built for a second consecutive month after having declined for the previous six months. Preliminary data suggest global oil stocks fell 18.1 mb in June, led by a 1 mb/d draw in crude.
The Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority investigates reports of worker exploitation in England and Wales in all industry sectors. In Scotland the GLAA supports Police Scotland to target organised crime, and in Northern Ireland GLAA tackles worker exploitation, tax evasion and health & safety negligence. Prospective Seasonal Worker sponsors must be both endorsed by Defra and licensed by the GLAA before they can apply for a sponsor licence.
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