Notes

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However, enforcement must also be more proactive, inspectors should have the power to fast-track cases of non-compliance with existing labour laws to the relevant bodies. Results of reports must be shared quickly to enable prompt action, and penalties for non-compliance should also be raised. There are minimum standards that we expect to be in place, with security of wellbeing for workers ensured so that their immigration status is independent of any complaint. We have also given consideration to a minimum number of weeks salary, as this could help ensure that workers are not left out of pocket. We recommend a minimum of 2 months’ pay as an additional protection to cover the costs currently borne by workers in coming to the UK such as visas and flights, with an exemption where there are extenuating circumstances (for example, dismissal for poor performance).
U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis
This represents a minor decrease of -0.1 per cent (-2 Bbbl) with respect to 2018, and is approximately 50 years of reserves life at current production rates (BP, 2020). Global oil reserves have remained relatively stable over the past decade showing an average growth rate of 1.2 per cent per annum. The discovery and development of unconventional oil reserves in the United States, Canada and Venezuela has helped to maintain global oil reserves since the mid 1990’s. About three quarters of all oil production in 2019 came from fields in offshore north-western Australia. This included condensate resources produced from a few supergiant and giant gas fields in the offshore Northern Carnarvon Basin and the neighbouring Browse Basin. The remaining oil volumes were produced from fields within the Gippsland and the Cooper basins in south-eastern Australia.
Although individual employers said they had experienced high numbers of employee-requested transfers 2022 had been circumstantially high due to a number of late arrivals and the war in Ukraine. This is a list of countries by oil production (i.e., petroleum production), as compiled from the U.S. Bench tests, schematics, and user guides are integral for healthcare equipment operation and maintenance, contributing to patient safety and efficient healthcare delivery. The 2022 Defra Seasonal Workers survey found that workers self-reported paying a median c.£550 in costs before arrival in the UK. We are broadly content with this arrangement as it means that workers are guaranteed an income on arrival and employers are getting privileged access to a labour market not readily available to other sectors.
China: GDP growth records slowest increase since Q1 2023 in the second quarter
While only larger employer organisations will be paying this cost, some employers said they were unable to access the levy. Reasons given included lack of resource to run an apprenticeship scheme and that it would not allow them to source and train temporary labour. The apprenticeship levy can be used by employers to provide apprenticeships from a recognised list of formal qualifications, many of which are at degree or diploma level and last a minimum of 12-months, and therefore do not offer the “bite-sized learning” required by a temporary labour force. The previous government introduced the flexi-job apprenticeship to support shorter, or alternative, forms of training, but the specific training needs of the agricultural sector are often out of scope. We noted only a few examples of seasonal businesses utilising apprenticeships to hire for permanent roles, however it is possible that as automation in the sector increases and seasonal demand decreases, remaining roles are more skilled, allowing for an apprenticeship model. Some employers told us that there may be restrictions in their ability to increase the hourly rate due to tight margins, something also mentioned in the previous government’s Independent Review into labour shortages in the food supply chain.


Output is forecast to rise by another 770 kb/d in 3Q24 with non-OPEC+ providing 600 kb/d of the gains. For 2024 as a whole, global oil supply growth is forecast to average 770 kb/d, which will boost oil supply to a record 103 mb/d. GLS Non-OPEC+ output is expected to rise by 1.5 mb/d, while OPEC+ production will fall by 740 kb/d year-on-year if existing voluntary cuts are maintained. Global supply growth in 2025 is projected at a much stronger 1.8 mb/d, with non-OPEC+, mainly in the United States, Canada, Guyana and Brazil, leading gains for a third consecutive year, adding 1.5 mb/d. Environmental documentation related to instructions, technical reports, manuals, brochures, patent applications, site surveys, text books, and material safety are also covered in our services. Petroleum/oil and gas industries need to implement their translation projects in a very short span, so they can connect to all parts of the world.
In Canada a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) is required before an employer can recruit seasonal workers. The LMIA must demonstrate that there are no available domestic workers and must be approved federally by the immigration department. The LMIA is not specific only to agriculture workers and is also a requirement for other sectors. As labour market tests delay recruitment, the requirement to demonstrate active efforts to recruit British workers therefore seems to be a pragmatic alternative.
This would necessitate collecting better hourlywage data in order to decide the structure of such a minimum wage (which could be set at an occupation, industry or scheme wide level), to set these levels with accuracy and monitor the impact. Working conditions should also be closely monitored (as we discuss in Chapter 5) to ensure workers are not being exploited, with implications for the domestic workforce. In the US, for example, labour standards enforcement is the responsibility of the Department of Labor (DOL) – the Wage and Hour Division (WHD) is DOL’s primary H-2A labour enforcer and covers wages, hours, underpayment, housing and transport violations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) covers health and safety issues.
The United States became the global leader in crude oil production in 2018, surpassing Russia and Saudi Arabia, because of the substantial increase in crude oil output before 2016. By October 2023, after the economic disruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States accounted for 16% of global crude oil production, the most recent month for which data are available in our International Energy Statistics. Since first surpassing the previous record in August 2023, U.S. crude oil production has increased another 2%, exceeding the pre-pandemic November 2019 peak by 0.3 million b/d. An improved refund process could be achieved within existing mechanisms, such as the presentation of accurate and timely information to workers prior to arrival in the UK, and signposting to proven and legitimate tax recovery services by scheme operators.
Several farms also reported the cost of setting up and maintaining accommodation for Seasonal Workers, and the costs of training/initial lower productivity, were high. Representative organisations and employers reported in our CfE that the true cost of accommodation was often being subsidisedeven when employers charged the accommodation offset charge (£9.99 per day, or £69.93 per week); the NFU reported to our CfE this was up to 25%. In several cases, employers interviewed as part of our research had also created roles purely to recruit and support incoming Seasonal Workers, one farm we spoke to reported that this role alone cost the business about £30,000 a year.
Despite this, there are limitations to the potential productivity increases from the scheme. Seasonal workers on the visa make up a relatively small share of the agricultural workforce (around 7%), limiting the extent of the possible impact. Further, if the existence of the route disincentivises investment in automation, which is the stance set out in Calvin et al., (2022), then it may decrease productivity gains in the long term, with innovation and investment in physical capital important drivers of productivity. Automation should be incentivised, returnees prioritised, and wages increased (encouraging automation and also potentially worker motivation and effort). During World War II, the United States (US) executed a bilateral treaty creating the ‘BraceroProgram’ in response to concerns of a shortage of agricultural workers.
We specialize in translating all types of technical documents, including reports, records, presentations, contracts, specifications, catalogs, drawings, diagrams, and more. The certified translation of technical documents serves as the linchpin for diverse industries, including construction, oil and gas, manufacturing, operation, and production. However, the occupational/industry-based comparison is not perfect, with these groupings including a variety of jobs beyond just seasonal work. At present, a direct comparison between the hourly wages paid for seasonal work to those on the SWV and to others undertaking this work in the UK not on the route is not possible, limiting our ability to understand if SWS workers are being underpaid for the same work. For workers on the SWS, while mean hourly pay data exists, we do not have access to median pay or ranges, nor any breakdowns by occupation or industry to understand pay differences for different types of work better.
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