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38 × 10-3 to 0.8 (dimensionless) for the dust-material equilibrium partition coefficients. It was observed that the dust with less organic content and smaller size tended to absorb more OPFRs, but different dust did not significantly affect OPFRs emission from the same source to the chamber air. The dust-air partition favored the less volatile OPFRs in the house dust, whereas the emission from the source favored the volatile chemicals. Volatility of the chemicals had much less effect on dust-source partitioning than on dust-air partitioning. The results from this work improve our understating of the fate and mass transfer mechanisms between OPFRs sources, indoor air, surface, and dust.Blockage of nanoparticles on plant pore structures might produce phytotoxicity and affect plant uptake indirectly. This study examined the blocking and phytotoxic effects of fullerene nanoparticles (nC60) on plants at the cellular level. The malondialdehyde content in plant was normal during nC60 exposure, implying that nC60 caused no acute phytotoxicity, while the normalized relative transpiration significantly decreased, showing that the pore structure of roots was seriously blocked by nC60. High power optical microscopy and transmission electron microscope showed that root endothelial cells were squeezed, and inner wall structures were damaged by the extrusion of nanoparticles. Low nC60 concentrations inhibited root uptake of lindane, whereas high nC60 concentrations promoted root uptake of lindane, indicating that serious pore blocking by nC60 damaged root cell structure and hence ready transport of lindane from roots to shoots. Significant alterations of fatty acid (FA) saturation degree of root cell membrane indicated that nC60 led to phytotoxicity in the root cell membrane after long-term exposure and nC60 produced phytotoxicity in the process of blocking root pore structures and interfering with cell membrane fluidity. Moreover, the plant cell structures under phytotoxicity were more likely to be damaged mechanically by the extrusion of nanoparticles. These findings may be helpful to better understand the transport pathways of nanoparticles in plants, the phytotoxicity of nanoparticles and the potential risks of nanomaterials used in agriculture.The exposure to environmental stressors, such as organophosphate (OP) pesticides, has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the worldwide most used OP pesticide and one of the most hazardous pesticides as it can cross the blood-brain barrier. Since studies evaluating the effects of CPF on brain immune cells are scarce, this research investigated the oxidative and inflammatory responses of CPF exposure in murine microglial cells. BV-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of CPF pesticide (0.3-300 μM). CPF induced activation of microglial cells, confirmed by Iba-1 and CD11b marking, and promoted microglial proliferation and cell cycle arrest at S phase. Moreover, CPF exposure increased oxidative stress production (NO, MDA, and O2∙), and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and NLRP3) genes expression in BV-2 cells. Overall, data showed that CPF exposure, at the lowest concentrations, acted by promoting pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory states in microglial cells. These results provide important information on the potential role of microglial activation in CPF-induced neuroinflammation and add to the expanding knowledge on the neurotoxicity of OP.Synthetic wastewater containing 1500 mg L-1 of COD was treated in the anode chamber for 5, 10, and 20 d. An anode chamber was conducted under anaerobic conditions with mixed culture bacteria inoculum attached to the anode. Anodic effluent was transferred to the cathode chamber for further treatment for 5, 10, and 20 d as the growth medium of Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgal photosynthesis process provided oxygen for the cathodic reaction. In 5 d of anodic hydraulic retention time (HRT), the effluent contained high COD, resulting in low power generation in the P-MFC due to the heterotrophic metabolism carried out by microalgae diminishing photosynthesis. However, high biomass productivity up to 0.649 g L-1 d-1 was obtained in the subsequent treatment of 5 d in the cathode chamber. An anodic HRT of 10 d resulted in higher power generation (0.0254 kWh kg-1 COD), and higher COD removal efficiency up to 60%. A further 10 d treatment in the cathode chamber increased the COD removal efficiency up to 74%. Anode and cathode chambers combined removed 79% of NH4+-N concentration from the original synthetic wastewater within 20 d. This study demonstrated that the anodic effluent of the P-MFC can be utilized in the cathode chamber as a growth medium for microalgae if conducted with appropriate HRT in the anode. P-MFC provides a promising sustainable solution for wastewater treatment while generating electricity and algal biomass as by-products.Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising and strategic carbon-based nanomaterial for innovative and disruptive technologies. It is therefore essential to address its environmental health and safety aspects. In this work, we evaluated the chemical degradation of graphene oxide by sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, bleach water) and its consequences over toxicity, on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The morphological, chemical, and structural properties of GO and its degraded product, termed NaClO-GO, were characterized, exploring an integrated approach. Edralbrutinib in vitro After the chemical degradation of GO at room temperature, its flake size was reduced from 156 to 29 nm, while NaClO-GO showed changes in UV-vis absorption, and an increase in the amount of oxygenated surface groups, which dramatically improved its colloidal stability in moderately hard reconstituted water (EPA medium). Acute and chronic exposure endpoints (survival, growth, fertility, and reproduction) were monitored to evaluate material toxicities. NaClO-GO presented lower toxicity at all endpoints. For example, an increase of over 100% in nematode survival was verified for the degraded material when compared to GO at 10 mg L-1. Additionally, enhanced dark-field hyperspectral microscopy confirmed the oral uptake of both materials by C. elegans. Finally, this work represents a new contribution toward a better understanding of the links between the transformation of graphene-based materials and nanotoxicity effects (mitigation), which is mandatory for the safety improvements that are required to maximize nanotechnological benefits to society.
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