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The modified multifunctional electrodes for electro-Fenton (EF) process are suggested to be promising cathodes for in situ electro-generation and activation of H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH). However, heterogeneous EF process still faces the challenges of limited catalytic activity and releasing of massive amounts of transition metals to the solution after removal of organic pollutants. The main aim of the present investigation was to prepare a cathode containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CuFe nano-layered double hydroxide (NLDH) for degradation and mineralization of cefazolin antibiotic through electro-Fenton process. Structural and electrochemical analyses demonstrated that CuFeNLDH-CNTs nanocomposite was successfully incorporated on the surface of graphite cathode. Due to the increased formation of •OH in the reactor, the incorporation of CNTs into NLDH matrix with a catalyst loading of 0.1 g substantially improved the degradation efficiency of cefazolin (89.9%) in comparison with CNTs-coated (28.7%) and bare graphite cathode (22.8%) within 100 min. In the presence of 15 mM of ethanol, the degradation efficiency of cefazolin was remarkably decreased to 43.7% by the process, indicating the major role of •OH in the destruction of target molecules. Acidic conditions favored the degradation efficiency of cefazolin by the modified EF process. Mineralization efficiency of the bio-refractory compound was obtained to be 70.1% in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis after 300 min. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was also implemented to identify the intermediate byproducts generated during the degradation of cefazolin in the CuFeNLDH-CNTs/EF reactor. Wetland hydrology can greatly influence the variations in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. Soil cores were sampled to a depth of 100 cm at 10 cm intervals above 20 cm soils and 20 cm intervals below 20 cm soils in river marginal wetlands with different flooding frequencies (i.e., permanently flooded, one-year, five-year, ten-year, and one-hundred-year floodplains) in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were measured to investigate spatial and temporal variations in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in five floodplains with different flooding frequencies on a small scale. The results showed that SOCS ranged from 4.62 kg C/m2 to 13.21 kg C/m2 and TNS from 0.41 kg N/m2 to 2.01 kg N/m2 in the top 1m depth in five zones in both sampling years. Higher soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks were observed in these floodplain wetlands with higher flooding frequencies (i.e. permanently flooded, one-year, and five-year floodplains) than those in lower-flooding-frequencyignificantly correlated with flooding frequencies, soil depth, soil pH value, bulk density, soil texture, and microbial biomass. It is necessary to pay much more attention to carbon and nitrogen stocks in deeper soils and find out the key factors that cause carbon and nitrogen loss in these floodplain wetlands to improve carbon sink function of wetland soils. The findings of this work provide a potential explanation for the "missing" carbon sinks at a larger scale. Globally, the management of invasive plants is motivated by a desire to improve ecosystem services (e.g., recreation, flood mitigation, soil fertility for agriculture, aesthetics) and critical habitat for imperiled species. To reduce invader populations and impacts, it is important to document the social and ecological basis (i.e., the social-ecological system) for the management that has been employed and areas where a greater level of coordination among stakeholder groups (managers, scientists, legislators, resource users) could improve efforts. We present a conceptual model that builds on current thinking for how best to connect these four stakeholder groups-to foster stronger citizen lobbying for impacted resources, science-based governance, legislator-driven noxious weed laws and funding for management and science, knowledge co-production by scientists and managers, and co-management by managers and resource users. In light of our model, we present two case studies based in Nebraska and Utah, U.S.A. involving a common North American wetland invader, Phragmites australis (non-native common reed). In Nebraska, potential lawsuits stemming from water conveyance was strong motivation for funding management. In Utah, duck hunters and other resource users initially instigated management. Progress toward the successful management of Phragmites has been the result of manager-scientist partnerships addressing a knowing-doing gap among practitioners, the complexities of management mosaics, as well as overcoming economic and logistical constraints. Our model demonstrates how legislative initiatives can fund new research and bolster on-going management, while organically building strong partnerships among scientists, managers, and resource users that are key for successfully managing invasive species. check details Continuous and comprehensive monitoring is one of the most important practices to trace changes in the state of the environment and target management efforts. Yet, governmental resources are often insufficient for monitoring all required environmental parameters, and therefore authorities have started to utilize citizen observations to supplement and increase the scale of monitoring. The aims of the present study were to show the potential of citizen science in environmental monitoring by utilising citizen observations of the non-indigenous Harris mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii in Finnish waters, where coastal monitoring is insufficient to estimate the distribution and spread of non-indigenous species. Harris mud crab has shown measurable impact locally and is considered invasive. For reporting the status of invasions to national and European authorities and planning for potential eradication efforts, up to date knowledge on NIS ranges are needed. Citizen observations on the species were collected from the first observation onwards between 2009 and 2018, at first via email and later through an active citizen observation web portal (Invasive Alien Species Portal). The outcomes of the study indicate that species-specific citizen observations can be a beneficial addition to supplement national monitoring programs to fulfil legislative reporting requirements and to target potential management. Recognizable species and geographical areas with low biodiversity provide a good opportunity to utilize citizen observations. Moreover, citizen observations may enable distribution assessments for certain species that would otherwise require excessive resources and sampling efforts.
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