Notes

Huge Simulators with the Silicene as well as Germanene for Detecting and Sequencing of DNA/RNA Nucleobases.
2%) had significantly thinner subfoveal choroid than other children (295.47 vs. 308.52 μm, P = 0.007).

Only daytime sleepiness was significantly associated with SFCT in preschool children in this study. The potential relationship between sleep disorders during childhood and children's ocular development needs further research.
Only daytime sleepiness was significantly associated with SFCT in preschool children in this study. The potential relationship between sleep disorders during childhood and children's ocular development needs further research.
To quantify stereopsis and other visual functions in patients with unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and to investigate vision-related parameters that affect stereopsis.

Prospective observational study.

Forty-five patients undergoing intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment for unilateral BRVO.

We examined stereopsis using the Titmus stereo test (TST) and TNO stereotest (TNO), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), letter contrast sensitivity, severity of metamorphopsia and degree of aniseikonia before and 6 months after IVR.

Visual functions that affect stereopsis.

Baseline stereopsis in patients with BRVO was 2.7 ± 0.6 (range, 1.6-3.5) in the TST and 2.8 ± 0.5 (range, 1.8-3.3) in TNO. find more TST and TNO scores were significantly correlated with BCVA and letter contrast sensitivity at baseline (P < 0.001) but not with other visual functions. IVR treatment significantly improved stereopsis, BCVA, and letter contrast sensitivity. After treatment, TST scores were significantly correlated with BCVA (P < 0.001), letter contrast sensitivity (P < 0.001), and aniseikonia (P < 0.01). TNO scores were significantly correlated with BCVA (P < 0.01) and letter contrast sensitivity (P < 0.01). TST and TNO scores after treatment were significantly correlated with BCVA at baseline (P < 0.01 for both).

Deterioration of stereopsis in patients with BRVO was associated with changes in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity after treatment. Initial visual acuity is a prognostic factor for posttreatment stereopsis.
Deterioration of stereopsis in patients with BRVO was associated with changes in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity after treatment. Initial visual acuity is a prognostic factor for posttreatment stereopsis.
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a portable non-mydriatic fundus camera to assess the optic disc for glaucoma.

We conducted a single-site, cross-sectional, observational, instrument validation study. Non-mydriatic fundus photographs centred at the optic disc were obtained from 276 eyes of 68 glaucoma and 70 normal patients, using a portable fundus camera (Smartscope, Optomed, Oulu, Finland). A senior Glaucoma consultant, masked to the patient's study participation, performed a gold standard dilated fundus examination to make the diagnosis of glaucoma. Following this, a mydriatic photograph was taken by a standard table-top fundus camera. All the images were digitalized and de-identified by an independent investigator and presented to two remote graders, masked to the patients, their diagnoses, and photographic modality. Based on individual disc characteristics, a diagnosis of screening positive or negative for glaucoma was made. In the end, the independent investigator re-identified the images. Sensitivity and specificity to detect glaucoma with the undilated Smartscope camera was calculated compared to dilated fundus examination.

Grading remote images taken with the portable non-mydriatic fundus camera showed a sensitivity of 96.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91.6-98.8%) and 94.8% (95% CI 89.7-97.9%) and a specificity of 98.5% (95% CI 94.9-99.8%) and 97.8% (95% CI 93.9-99.6%) for the two graders respectively as compared to gold standard dilated fundus examination.

The non-mydriatic Smartscope fundus images have high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing glaucoma remotely and thus may be an effective tool for use in community outreach programs.
The non-mydriatic Smartscope fundus images have high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing glaucoma remotely and thus may be an effective tool for use in community outreach programs.Baroreflex activation by electric stimulation of the carotid sinus (CS) effectively lowers blood pressure. However, the degree to which differences between stimulation protocols impinge on cardiovascular outcomes has not been defined. To address this, we examined the effects of short- and long-duration (SD and LD) CS stimulation on hemodynamic and vascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We fit animals with miniature electrical stimulators coupled to electrodes positioned around the left CS nerve that delivered intermittent 5/25 s ON/OFF (SD) or 20/20 s ON/OFF (LD) square pulses (1 ms, 3 V, 30 Hz) continuously applied for 48 h in conscious animals. A sham-operated control group was also studied. We measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) for 60 min before stimulation, 24 h into the protocol, and 60 min after stimulation had stopped. SD stimulation reversibly lowered MAP and HR during stimulation. LD stimulation evoked a decrease in MAP that was sustained even after stimulation was stopped. Neither SD nor LD had any effect on SBPV or HRV when recorded after stimulation, indicating no adaptation in autonomic activity. Both the contractile response to phenylephrine and the relaxation response to acetylcholine were increased in mesenteric resistance vessels isolated from LD-stimulated rats only. In conclusion, the ability of baroreflex activation to modulate hemodynamics and induce lasting vascular adaptation is critically dependent on the electrical parameters and duration of CS stimulation.We investigated the antihypertensive effects of maximakinin (MK) on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The effects of MK on arterial blood pressure in SHRs were observed, and flow cytometry and 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 staining were used to examine MK-induced nitric oxide (NO) release in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Western blotting was used to analyze the effects of MK on the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, Connexin 43, ERK1/2, p38, and p-eNOS in HUVECs. The results showed that MK induced a more significant antihypertensive effect on SHRs than bradykinin (BK). MK induced significant increases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and NO release in HUVECs. MK also significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and AMPK in HUVECs. The AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked the effect of MK on the generation of NO. MK induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and Connexin 43. The expression of p-Connexin 43 was significantly decreased in the presence of the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 but not the p38 inhibitor SB203580.
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