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Despite access to a safe and effective vaccine, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persists in Africa. This is of concern since perinatally-infected infants are at highest risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma, a life-threatening consequence of chronic HBV infection. While tools to prevent HBV MTCT are available, the cost implications of these interventions need consideration prior to implementation. A Markov model was developed to determine the costs and health outcomes of (1) universal HBV birth dose (BD) vaccination, (2) universal BD vaccination and targeted hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), (3) maternal antiviral prophylaxis using sequential HBV viral load testing added to HBV BD vaccination and HBIG, and (4) maternal antiviral prophylaxis using sequential HBeAg testing combined with HBV BD vaccination and HBIG. Health outcomes were assessed as the number of paediatric infections averted and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Primary cost data included consuost diagnostic tests to identify those women who will most benefit from drug therapy to attain this laudable goal.
In August 2015, the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) changed the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) schedule for mature infants from a 3+1 scheme to a 2+1 scheme. It was expected that a reduction of doses would be associated with a higher acceptance of the vaccination. Aim of this study was to assess vaccination rates and adherence for PCV after the change of recommendation based on real-world data.

A retrospective claims data analysis using the InGef Research Database was conducted. The study population consisted of all mature infants born in 2013 (last birth cohort completely under 3+1 recommendation) or 2016 (first birth cohort completely under 2+1 recommendation) with an individual follow-up of 24months. Hexavalent combination vaccination (HEXA) with a consistent 3+1 recommendation was analyzed as reference.

After follow-up of 24months, 90.9% (91.2%) of the 2016 (2013) cohort received at least one dose of PCV. At the same age, 67.7% of the 2013 cohort received a booster dose acd constant.In 2014, newly-elected President Joko Widodo announced that Indonesia was facing a national 'emergency' due to high levels of drug use that necessitated harsh criminal justice responses, including the ultimate punishment of death. On April 29, 2015 Indonesia executed eight prisoners condemned to death for drug-related offences, including seven foreigners, eliciting widespread international criticism. This commentary explores the strategies employed and obstacles faced by national anti-death penalty advocates that opposed the 2015 executions, primarily focusing on their efforts between 2015 and 2017. BMS-502 We begin by highlighting existing political narratives that make the death penalty an attractive option for the Indonesian government, before discussing key approaches employed as part of anti-death penalty efforts. It is hoped that a better understanding of existing efforts to promote abolition and the challenges associated with these approaches will help inform a more systematic and evidence-based approach to policy, practice, and discourse on the death penalty for drug-related offences in Indonesia.
Clipping and selective removal of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients presenting with initially node-positive disease and achieving a nodal downstaging after primary systemic therapy is a less invasive method for axillary staging. An imaging guided localization and successful extirpation of these clipped lymph nodes is not possible in all patients. To date no follow-up data regarding patients with lost clips are available.

The oncological outcome of all participants of the CLIP-study and the results of postoperative axillary imaging in those patients with unproven clip resection are presented.

A total of thirty patients were included into the pilot study. In ten of these patients (33%) the removal of the clipped axillary lymph node could not be verified by intraoperative radiograph. Postoperative imaging did not find lost clips in eight of these ten patients (80%). The lost clip was detected in two patients after surgery (20%), by mammography in one patient during routine follow-up and by computed tomography scan in one patient before radiotherapy. After a median follow-up of 40 months, 26 (87%) patients were still alive. Seven patients (23%) developed distant recurrent disease. No local or axillary recurrences were observed.

Lost clips were detected by postoperative imaging only in a minority of patients. The impact of lost clips on axillary recurrences in breast cancer patients is still unclear and should be further clarified in larger, multicentric trials.
Lost clips were detected by postoperative imaging only in a minority of patients. The impact of lost clips on axillary recurrences in breast cancer patients is still unclear and should be further clarified in larger, multicentric trials.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been used in different medical fields, but its effectiveness in burn wound healing remains debatable. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence on burn patients treated with PRP to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the treatment.

Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of PRP in patients with burn injuries were selected. Eligible retrospective studies were abstracted and assessed for the risk of bias by two reviewers and results of mean time to complete epithelization and wound closure rate in the included studies were analyzed. Studies on the correlation between PRP and burn wound healing published in English or Chinese before March 2020 were retrieved from PubMed.

Eight studies (including 449 patients) met our inclusion criteria. Qualitative analysis revealed that compared with the control group, the PRP group had significantly better wound closure rates at weeks 2 (mean difference (MD) 12.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.08, 18.49]; I2 0%; p < 0.0001) and 3 (MD 12.66 [95% CI 5.97, 19.34]; I2 55%; p = 0.0002) and time to complete epithelialization (MD -3.45 [95% CI -4.87, -2.04] (days); I2 0%; p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in infection rate or graft take rate.

PRP application can accelerate wound closure, however, it has no effect on the rates of wound infection and graft take rate.
PRP application can accelerate wound closure, however, it has no effect on the rates of wound infection and graft take rate.
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