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This finding was further verified using real swine wastewater. A double-cell BES experiment indicated that As(V) and sulfate were transported from the anode to the cathode chamber and coprecipitated as crystalline alacranite in the cathode chamber. These findings suggest that the sulfate-mediated BES is a promising technique for enhanced arsenic decontamination of organoarsenic-bearing manure/wastewater.Manipulating the dynamics of dark excited states (DESs), such as higher excited singlet or excited triplet states with no or small radiative decay, are of both fundamental and practical interests, an important application being photoactivated diagnosis and therapy (phototheranostics), which include photoacoustic (PA) imaging, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the current understanding of DESs in organic structures is rather limited, thus making any rational manipulation of DES in organic materials very challenging.A DES decays primarily by radiationless transition through two pathways (i) singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing (ISC) and (ii) internal conversion (IC) relaxation. The deactivation of a DES via ISC can generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for PDT, while IC could convert photons into heat for PA imaging and PTT. In this Account, we highlight our research on developing a fundamental understanding of structure-property relationships for manipulation ofn for cumulative multiphoton absorption, thus greatly increasing the strength of the PA signal for nonlinear PA imaging, and (2) shown by an example of an organic molecule, BODIPY, nanoscale charge-transfer state mediated strong IC in aggregate nanoparticles resulting in exceptionally high photothermal conversion efficiency of 61% for both PA and PTT. Some in vivo results of the phototheranostic studies using BODIPY are presented, providing an elegant example of nanoscale manipulation of the excited state dynamics.This Account concludes with a summary and discussion of future perspectives. We hope this Account will deepen the understanding of molecular and nanoscale control of excited state dynamics in organic materials, hopefully enticing a broad range of scientists within different disciplinary areas.Heart failure is the terminal stage of many cardiovascular diseases and is considered to be closely related to oxidative stress. Early understanding of pathogenesis can greatly improve the treatment and reduce the mortality of heart disease. In this work, based on the analysis of coumarin derivates by theoretical calculations, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent probe BCO with a large Stokes shift (107 nm) and excellent selectivity toward H2O2 in a living system. The distribution of H2O2 in the heart and thoracic aorta tissues was imaged with the aid of the probe BCO, which demonstrated that the cellular H2O2 level is upregulated in heart failure. This work provides a useful tool, BCO, for the evaluation of cellular oxidative stress and to further understand the pathophysiology process of heart disease.The human body emits a wide range of chemicals, including CO2 and isoprene. To examine the impact of cognitive tasks on human emission rates of CO2 and isoprene, we conducted an across-subject, counterbalanced study in a controlled chamber involving 16 adults. The chamber replicated an office environment. In groups of four, participants engaged in 30 min each of cognitive tasks (stressed activity) and watching nature documentaries (relaxed activity). Measured biomarkers indicated higher stress levels were achieved during the stressed activity. Per-person CO2 emission rates were greater for stressed than relaxed activity (30.3 ± 2.1 vs 27.0 ± 1.7 g/h/p, p = 0.0044, mean ± standard deviation). Isoprene emission rates were also elevated under stressed versus relaxed activity (154 ± 25 μg/h/p vs 116 ± 20 μg/h/p, p = 0.041). The chamber temperature was held constant at 26.2 ± 0.49 °C; incidental variation in temperature did not explain the variance in emission rates. Isoprene emission rates increased linearly with salivary α-amylase levels (r2 = 0.6, p = 0.02). These results imply the possibility of considering cognitive tasks when determining building ventilation rates. They also present the possibility of monitoring indicators of cognitive tasks of occupants through measurement of air quality.Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a probiotic bacterium, commonly employed to treat certain gastrointestinal disorders. It is fast emerging as an important target for the development of therapeutic engineered bacteria, benefiting from the wealth of knowledge of E. coli biology and ease of manipulation. Bacterial synthetic biology projects commonly utilize engineered plasmid vectors, which are simple to engineer and can reliably achieve high levels of protein expression. However, plasmids typically require antibiotics for maintenance, and the administration of an antibiotic is often incompatible with in vivo experimentation or treatment. EcN natively contains plasmids pMUT1 and pMUT2, which have no known function but are stable within the bacteria. find more Here, we describe the development of the pMUT plasmids into a robust platform for engineering EcN for in vivo experimentation, alongside a CRISPR-Cas9 system to remove the native plasmids. We systematically engineered both pMUT plasmids to contain selection markers, fluorescent markers, temperature sensitive expression, and curli secretion systems to export a customizable functional material into the extracellular space. We then demonstrate that the engineered plasmids were maintained in bacteria as the engineered bacteria pass through the mouse GI tract without selection, and that the secretion system remains functional, exporting functionalized curli proteins into the gut. Our plasmid system presents a platform for the rapid development of therapeutic EcN bacteria.Total internal reflection (TIR) infrared spectroscopy is a convenient measurement tool for collecting spectra for chemical identification. However, TIR infrared microscopy lacks high spatial resolution due to the optical diffraction limit and difficulty to preserve a high-quality wave front for focus. In this article, we present the peak force infrared microscopy in the TIR geometry to achieve a 10 nm spatial resolution. Instead of optical detection, photothermal responses of the sample are collected in the peak force tapping mode of atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate the technique on two representative samples structured polymers for soft matters and a hexagonal boron nitride flake for two-dimensional materials. As an extension of the apparatus, we also demonstrate nanoinfrared imaging with the TIR excitation for photoinduced force microscopy. The combination of TIR geometry with nanoinfrared microscopies simplifies the optical alignment, providing alternative instrument-designing principles for atomic force microscopy-based infrared microscopy.
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