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Objectives We examined associations between household food insecurity status and parental feeding behavior, weight perception, and child weight status in a diverse sample of young children. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 2-year old children in Greenlight, a cluster randomized trial to prevent childhood obesity. The exposure was food insecurity, defined as a positive response to a validated screen. Outcomes were parent feeding behaviors/beliefs measured by the Child Feeding Questionnaire and child weight status. T-tests and linear regression were used to assess associations between food insecurity and each outcome. We adjusted for child sex, race/ethnicity, parent education, employment, site, number of children in the home, and WIC status. Results 503 households (37%) were food insecure. After adjusting for covariates, parents from insecure households reported more pressuring feeding behaviors (mean factor score 3.2 compared to food secure parents mean factor score 2.9, p=0.01) and were more worried about their child becoming overweight (mean factor score 2.3 vs 2.0; p=0.02). No differences were observed in monitoring or restrictive feeding behaviors. After adjusting for covariates, there was no difference in weight status or prevalence of overweight/obesity of children or parents based on household food insecurity status. Conclusions Parents from food insecure households reported more pressuring feeding behaviors. This finding underscores the need to address food insecurity and potentially prevent harmful effects on child feeding. Parents in food insecure households might benefit from linkage with resources and education to develop healthier feeding behaviors.During evolution there has been a trend to reduce both the number of teeth and the location where they are found within the oral cavity. In mammals the formation of teeth is restricted to a horseshoe band of odontogenic tissue, creating a single dental arch on the top and bottom of the jaw. Additional teeth and structures containing dental tissue, such as odontogenic tumours or cysts, can appear as pathologies. These tooth-like structures can be associated with the normal dentition, appearing within the dental arch, or in non-dental areas. The aetiology of these pathologies is not well elucidated. Reawakening of the potential to form teeth in different parts of the oral cavity could explain the origin of dental pathologies outside the dental arch, thus such pathologies are a consequence of our evolutionary history. In this review we look at the changing pattern of tooth formation within the oral cavity during vertebrate evolution, the potential to form additional tooth-like structures in mammals, and discuss how this knowledge shapes our understanding of dental pathologies in humans.Objective This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of and factors associated with persistence and clearance of oral HPV infections. Method A prospective cohort study invited 458 subjects (231 HPV-positive and 227 HPV- negative at baseline) to attend follow-ups at 12-months. Those 231 HPV-positive subjects and 10 new infections were invited to reassessment at 24-months. Rottlerin We used Next-Gen Sequencing for detection and genotyping of HPV. Results Alpha-HPV infections showed higher persistence rates than Beta/Gamma-HPV (22.7% vs. 9.2% at 12 months [p1 per month (COR=0.5, 95% CI=0.2-0.9) were risk factors hindering Beta/Gamma-HPV clearance. Conclusions This study identified factors associated with persistence and clearance of oral HPV infections among Chinese. Studies on other ethno-geographic groups may further inform prevention strategies of oral HPV infection and immunisation programmes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Background Next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was compared to the current MAPREC (mutational analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage) assay for the quality control of live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). Methods MAPREC measures reversion of the main OPV attenuating mutations such as uracil (U) to cytosine (C) at nucleotide 472 in the 5' non-coding-region of type 3 OPV. Eleven type 3 OPV samples were analysed by eight laboratories using their in-house NGS method. Results Intra-assay, intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory variability of NGS 472-C estimates across samples and laboratories were very low leading to excellent agreement between laboratories. A high degree of correlation between %472-C results by MAPREC and NGS was observed in all laboratories (Pearson correlation coefficient of r=0.996). NGS estimates of sequences at nucleotide 2493 with known polymorphism among type 3 OPV lots, also produced low assay variability and excellent between-laboratory agreement. Conclusions The high consistency of NGS data demonstrates that NGS analysis can be used as high-resolution test alternative to MAPREC producing whole-genome profiles to evaluate OPV production consistency, possibly eliminating the need for tests in animals. This would be very beneficial for the quality assessment of next generation polio vaccines and, eventually, for other live-attenuated viral vaccines.Background Because of deficiencies of traditional potency tests in rotavirus detection, a one-step TaqMan probe-based quantitative RT-qPCR assay combined with cell-based method was established to determine the infectious potency of the target virus in multivalent live rotavirus vaccines in vitro. Methods Series dilutions of rotavirus samples were inoculated into Vero cells and cultured for 24 hours. The cells were lysed and the potency was detected by RT-qPCR. The reference standards with a known titer (lgCCID50 /ml) were assayed in parallel, and the potencies of each sample were determined using parallel line method. The specificity, precision and accuracy of the assay were evaluated, respectively. Results The results showed that mRNA produced during rotavirus replication was the primary template of RT-qPCR and the primers and probes were specific to each strain. The coefficient of variation of different wells and different working days did not exceed 6% and the results of the assay were proved to be concordant with those of CCID50 with a relative deviation less than 5%.
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