Notes

Polymicrobial Biofilm Connection Between Histophilus somni along with Pasteurella multocida.
The roughness value, Sa, for the separated sidewall is below 0.3 meters.

Employing ultrafast lasers to directly inscribe transparent materials provides a highly effective technique for producing embedded three-dimensional photonic elements. This method is notably adaptable to astrophotonic devices, specifically in scenarios where a considerable number of input signals are needed. Essentially, the procedure hinges on the volume fabrication of waveguiding structures within flexible 3D configurations, wherein refractive index contrast is adaptable to specific spectral regions. The use of 3D geometry, facilitated by this process, eliminates in-plane waveguide crossings, thus minimizing losses and cross-talk in multi-telescope beam combiners. The technique's novel, additional feature enables the non-disturbing extraction of information from the optical field, which allows for the creation of high aspect ratio nanostructures. Utilizing ultrafast laser micro- and nanoprocessing and specifically engineered beams, we present here the development of integrated three-telescope beam combiners, compactly designed on chip from silica glass and operating within the near-infrared range, including embedded diffraction gratings, crucial for phase closure analysis and spectro-interferometry applications in astronomy.

On a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, a low-loss ridge waveguide is developed and tested, integrating a novel bound state in the continuum (BIC) structure, as per our knowledge. For efficient TM-mode leakage suppression, the presented waveguide is designed, resulting in a theoretical propagation loss of 0.0027 decibels per centimeter at 1550 nanometers. An experimental evaluation of a 2-mm waveguide, operating in the wavelength spectrum from 1530nm to 1600nm, produced average loss suppression of 30dB. This innovative ridge waveguide structure can similarly be incorporated into narrowband optical filter designs. endothelin receptor Working in the TM mode, a fabricated Bragg grating filter provides a narrow bandwidth of 1 nm, coupled with a high extinction ratio of 148 dB.

To facilitate stable pulsed operation of Lissajous structured modes, a NdYVO4/Cr4+YAG laser incorporates a symmetric concave-convex cavity for strong intracavity beam focusing on the absorber, resulting in transverse patterns that visually correspond to Lissajous figures. Under the influence of two-dimensional off-axis pumping, the cavity length is established to satisfy the criteria for efficient passive Q-switching (PQS) and to accommodate accidental degeneracy conditions, thereby producing Lissajous pulsed beams with well-defined structures and excellent temporal stability. Multi-transverse-mode oscillation, while inherently inducing asynchronous pulsations and revealing parasitic effects in short-term pulse profiles, does not prevent the overall long-term behavior of Lissajous pulses from remaining regular, exhibiting amplitude fluctuations of 15% and pulse-to-pulse timing jitter of 5%. Due to the 45W pump power driving the PQS Lissajous modes, the peak power surpasses 500W, facilitating a transformation into trochoidal pulsed beams that generate high-order, high-peak power structured vortex fields.

Using a femtosecond laser-inscribed small-period long-period grating (SP-LPG), stable mode-locked pulses are observed in an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). With a period of 25 meters and a length of 25 millimeters, the SP-LPG is defined. The SP-LPG's polarization-dependent loss (PDL) at the wavelength of 1556nm reaches 20dB and climbs to 25dB at 1607nm, a threshold that readily prompts the mode-locking mechanism. A mode-locked fiber laser (MLFL) constructed on the foundation of SP-LPG technology exhibited a successful generation of 158-ps pulses at 1577nm, accompanied by a 4 nm bandwidth and a 154 MHz repetition rate. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 50dB signifies the considerable stability exhibited by this system. The SP-LPG's straightforward fabrication, compact design, and substantial damage resistance suggest numerous potential uses in laser technology, as shown in this work.

A novel receive-diversity-based power-fading compensation scheme (RDA-PFC) is proposed and successfully tested to overcome chromatic dispersion-induced power fluctuations in C-band double-sideband intensity modulation and direct detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. By combining the pre- and post-dispersive responses via a maximal-ratio combining (MRC) algorithm, the power degradation effect of channel dispersion (CD) within a 50 GHz bandwidth is mitigated. This translates to an SNR improvement of up to 176 dB for fading subcarriers after traveling 10 km along standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). A diversity receiver, incorporating the proposed RDA-PFC scheme utilizing 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), supports 1706-Gbit/s OFDM signal transmission over 10 km of SSMF, effectively lowering the bit error rate (BER) by more than an order of magnitude compared to traditional receivers. In addition, the RDA-PFC scheme successfully transmits 2081-Gbit/s adaptive bit and power loading OFDM signals over a 10-km SSMF, enhancing capacity by 153% in comparison to scenarios without RDA-PFC, at a bit error rate of 3.81 x 10^-3. In high-speed IM/DD OFDM systems, the RDA-PFC scheme shows strong potential for addressing power fading issues resulting from channel impairments (CD).

The experimental demonstration of a tunable mode converter relies on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) meticulously fabricated within a graded-index nine-mode fiber by means of a femtosecond laser. Nine LP modes, each linearly polarized, were excited, and their coupling efficiency achieved 90%. By manipulating the polarization controller, the 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes were activated, thereby permitting OAM tuning at specific values of 0-1, 0-2, 0-3, and 0-4. By twisting the FBG, the LP21/LP02, LP31/LP12, and LP41/LP22/LP03 modes were precisely tuned to 155600nm, 155510nm, and 155425nm, respectively. Moreover, polarization and torsion control mechanisms allow for tuning between 0th- and -2nd-order OAM modes, a conversion from the tuning between LP02 and LP21 modes. Utilizing this technique, a theoretical progression in OAM tuning is facilitated, specifically in the context of 1-3 and 4-0-2 parameters.

Systems featuring photonic crystals with inherent crystalline symmetry are known to generate electromagnetic topological edge states; these states result from the topological characteristics of bulk Bloch bands within momentum space, in accordance with the bulk-edge correspondence. This work illustrates the presence of chiral topological electromagnetic edge states in photonic quasicrystals composed of magneto-optical materials and patterned with Penrose tilings, uncoupling the demonstration from the description of bulk Bloch bands in momentum space. In photonic quasicrystals, even though bulk Bloch bands are absent, hence invalidating the usual definition of topological invariants in momentum space (such as the Chern number), we show that certain bandgaps can still host unidirectional, backscattering-resistant topological electromagnetic edge states, both for cylinders-in-air and holes-in-slab arrangements. Our calculations, employing a real-space topological invariant derived from the Bott index, demonstrate that the bandgaps encompassing these chiral topological edge states exhibit a nontrivial Bott index of 1, contingent upon the direction of the applied external magnetic field. The study of topological states in photonic quasicrystals is a consequence of our work.

The design of any high-power laser system mandates a high-quality surface on its optical element. Among the most important materials for solid-state laser active media is the Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal. The maximum power output of the laser system could be substantially curtailed by the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the YAG crystals. This research highlights the innovative possibility of achieving considerable LIDT enhancement using plasma etching techniques on the surface of YAG crystals, particularly for picosecond laser pulse durations. The influence of etching depth on the LIDT was examined. The optimized etching conditions caused a more than threefold surge in the LIDT value, reaching parity with the intrinsic LIDT of the bulk crystal.

While microsphere (MS)-assisted microscopy offers enhanced resolution, it still suffers from limitations including a restricted field of view, surface imperfections, low contrast, and a lack of maneuverability. A new form of MS, created at the distal end of an optical fiber and designated as a fiber microsphere (fMS), is detailed in this letter. Through the melting and stretching of a single-mode or coreless fiber, the fMS is formed, yielding high homogeneity and a sphere diameter below the fiber's diameter. The fiber's integration with the fMS system reduces the difficulty of sample scanning, offering a solution to the complexities of sample handling. Detailed information is provided regarding the fabrication of the fMS and the optical system used in the investigation. The fMS, as indicated by our measurements, demonstrates superior resolving power and imaging performance relative to the soda-lime MS.

In photonic integrated circuits, waveguide crossings are essential passive components for signal routing operations. Two MMI-based waveguide crossings are developed and scrutinized to serve various routing directions in the anisotropic x-cut TFLN thin-film. By utilizing a resonator-integrated approach, we aim to address the substantial measurement inaccuracies of typical cut-back characterization methods, delivering a noteworthy reduction in insertion loss uncertainty (less than 0.021 dB) and establishing a lower bound for crosstalk measurements of -60 dB utilizing only two devices. This methodology enables the demonstration and verification of TFLN waveguide crossings, achieving insertion losses under 0.070 dB and crosstalk below -50 dB along each of the three routing paths at 1550 nm. The simple and effective characterization technique, in conjunction with the low-loss and low-crosstalk waveguide crossings of this work, could facilitate enhanced flexibility in the design of future, large-scale classical and quantum TFLN photonic circuits.
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